Affinity designer roadmap 2019 free.Engineering organoids

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
\n. This review article focuses on the utility of lipid excipients in solid sustained drug delivery systems with emphasis on the efficiency and robustness of these systems with respect to: (i) the choice of the manufacturing process and impact on drug release, (ii) the fundamental drug release mechanisms, (iii) resistance of the drug formulation under physiological conditions and (iv) long. saw the release of numerous video games as well as other developments in the video game industry. The Nintendo Switch console was released in , which sold more than 14 million units by the end of , exceeding the underperforming Wii U lifetime sales, and helped to revitalize Nintendo, alongside the “retro” Super NES Classic Edition console, the refreshed . Affinity Designer Best in class for creating concept art, print projects, logos, icons, UI designs, mock-ups and more, our powerful design app is already the choice of thousands of professional illustrators, web designers and game developers who love its silky-smooth combination of vector and raster design tools. 06/14/ 2Printer: fCoder: TRM Mgmt Group: One-VA TRM v 11/17/ SafeGuard: Qihoo Acquisition Requirements Roadmap Tool (ARRT) Defense Acquisition University: TRM Mgmt Group: One-VA TRM v 03/10/ Affinity Designer: Affinity: TRM Mgmt Group: One-VA TRM v 06/24/ Affinity Suite: Interacoustics: TRM. For any academic help you need, feel free to talk to our team for assistance and you will never regret your decision to work with us. We are reliable and established. You can entrust all your academic work to course help online for original and high quality papers submitted on time. We have worked with thousands of students from all over the world.
Feb 19,  · Organoids are cellular 3D models of organs, which provide powerful in vitro platforms for the investigation of tissue and disease biology. In this Review, the authors investigate engineering. 06/14/ 2Printer: fCoder: TRM Mgmt Group: One-VA TRM v 11/17/ SafeGuard: Qihoo Acquisition Requirements Roadmap Tool (ARRT) Defense Acquisition University: TRM Mgmt Group: One-VA TRM v 03/10/ Affinity Designer: Affinity: TRM Mgmt Group: One-VA TRM v 06/24/ Affinity Suite: Interacoustics: TRM. saw the release of numerous video games as well as other developments in the video game industry. The Nintendo Switch console was released in , which sold more than 14 million units by the end of , exceeding the underperforming Wii U lifetime sales, and helped to revitalize Nintendo, alongside the “retro” Super NES Classic Edition console, the refreshed . Jul 01,  · Cytotherapy 21, – (). This perspective provides a roadmap for the development of EV-based therapeutics in a very early stage of manufacturing as well as during early clinical safety.
saw the release of numerous video games as well as other developments in the video game industry. The Nintendo Switch console was released in , which sold more than 14 million units by the end of , exceeding the underperforming Wii U lifetime sales, and helped to revitalize Nintendo, alongside the “retro” Super NES Classic Edition console, the refreshed . Feb 19,  · Organoids are cellular 3D models of organs, which provide powerful in vitro platforms for the investigation of tissue and disease biology. In this Review, the authors investigate engineering. Jul 01,  · Cytotherapy 21, – (). This perspective provides a roadmap for the development of EV-based therapeutics in a very early stage of manufacturing as well as during early clinical safety. \n. This review article focuses on the utility of lipid excipients in solid sustained drug delivery systems with emphasis on the efficiency and robustness of these systems with respect to: (i) the choice of the manufacturing process and impact on drug release, (ii) the fundamental drug release mechanisms, (iii) resistance of the drug formulation under physiological conditions and (iv) long. For any academic help you need, feel free to talk to our team for assistance and you will never regret your decision to work with us. We are reliable and established. You can entrust all your academic work to course help online for original and high quality papers submitted on time. We have worked with thousands of students from all over the world.
Jul 01,  · Cytotherapy 21, – (). This perspective provides a roadmap for the development of EV-based therapeutics in a very early stage of manufacturing as well as during early clinical safety. Feb 19,  · Organoids are cellular 3D models of organs, which provide powerful in vitro platforms for the investigation of tissue and disease biology. In this Review, the authors investigate engineering. This presentation template uses sample data from “Acme Corp” to demonstrate an ideal IT strategy. Use this template to document your final strategy outputs including executive-facing business alignment and strategy highlights, key initiatives and summaries, strategic roadmap, budget proposal, IT goals and operating model, functional project roadmaps, and year-in . \n. This review article focuses on the utility of lipid excipients in solid sustained drug delivery systems with emphasis on the efficiency and robustness of these systems with respect to: (i) the choice of the manufacturing process and impact on drug release, (ii) the fundamental drug release mechanisms, (iii) resistance of the drug formulation under physiological conditions and (iv) long. saw the release of numerous video games as well as other developments in the video game industry. The Nintendo Switch console was released in , which sold more than 14 million units by the end of , exceeding the underperforming Wii U lifetime sales, and helped to revitalize Nintendo, alongside the “retro” Super NES Classic Edition console, the refreshed .
saw the release of numerous video games as well as other developments in the video game industry. The Nintendo Switch console was released in , which sold more than 14 million units by the end of , exceeding the underperforming Wii U lifetime sales, and helped to revitalize Nintendo, alongside the “retro” Super NES Classic Edition console, the refreshed . \n. This review article focuses on the utility of lipid excipients in solid sustained drug delivery systems with emphasis on the efficiency and robustness of these systems with respect to: (i) the choice of the manufacturing process and impact on drug release, (ii) the fundamental drug release mechanisms, (iii) resistance of the drug formulation under physiological conditions and (iv) long. Feb 19,  · Organoids are cellular 3D models of organs, which provide powerful in vitro platforms for the investigation of tissue and disease biology. In this Review, the authors investigate engineering. 06/14/ 2Printer: fCoder: TRM Mgmt Group: One-VA TRM v 11/17/ SafeGuard: Qihoo Acquisition Requirements Roadmap Tool (ARRT) Defense Acquisition University: TRM Mgmt Group: One-VA TRM v 03/10/ Affinity Designer: Affinity: TRM Mgmt Group: One-VA TRM v 06/24/ Affinity Suite: Interacoustics: TRM.
 
 

Build a Business-Aligned IT Strategy.Affinity designer roadmap 2019 free

 

Никому даже близко не удалось подойти к базе АНБ, и у агентства не было оснований полагать, что это когда-нибудь случится в будущем. Вернувшись в лабораторию, Чатрукьян никак не мог решить, должен ли он идти домой. Неисправность «ТРАНСТЕКСТА» угрожала и базе данных, а легкомыслие Стратмора не имело оправданий.

Copy and paste this code into your website. Your Link . saw the release of numerous video games as well as other developments in the video game industry. The Nintendo Switch console was released in , which sold more than 14 million units by the end of , exceeding the underperforming Wii U lifetime sales, and helped to revitalize Nintendo, alongside the “retro” Super NES Classic Edition console, the refreshed . Feb 19,  · Organoids are cellular 3D models of organs, which provide powerful in vitro platforms for the investigation of tissue and disease biology. In this Review, the authors investigate engineering.
saw the release of numerous video games as well as other developments in the video game industry. The Nintendo Switch console was released in , which sold more than 14 million units by the end of , exceeding the underperforming Wii U lifetime sales, and helped to revitalize Nintendo, alongside the “retro” Super NES Classic Edition console, the refreshed . 06/14/ 2Printer: fCoder: TRM Mgmt Group: One-VA TRM v 11/17/ SafeGuard: Qihoo Acquisition Requirements Roadmap Tool (ARRT) Defense Acquisition University: TRM Mgmt Group: One-VA TRM v 03/10/ Affinity Designer: Affinity: TRM Mgmt Group: One-VA TRM v 06/24/ Affinity Suite: Interacoustics: TRM. This presentation template uses sample data from “Acme Corp” to demonstrate an ideal IT strategy. Use this template to document your final strategy outputs including executive-facing business alignment and strategy highlights, key initiatives and summaries, strategic roadmap, budget proposal, IT goals and operating model, functional project roadmaps, and year-in . Jul 01,  · Cytotherapy 21, – (). This perspective provides a roadmap for the development of EV-based therapeutics in a very early stage of manufacturing as well as during early clinical safety. Affinity Designer Best in class for creating concept art, print projects, logos, icons, UI designs, mock-ups and more, our powerful design app is already the choice of thousands of professional illustrators, web designers and game developers who love its silky-smooth combination of vector and raster design tools.

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Organoids are in vitro miniaturized and simplified model systems of organs that have gained enormous interest for modelling tissue development and disease, and for personalized medicine, drug screening and cell therapy. Despite considerable success in culturing physiologically relevant organoids, challenges remain to achieve real-life applications. In particular, the high variability of self-organizing growth and restricted experimental and analytical access hamper the translatability of organoid systems.

In this Review, we argue that many limitations of traditional organoid culture can be addressed by engineering approaches at all levels of organoid systems. We investigate cell surface and genetic engineering approaches, and discuss stem cell niche engineering fred on the design of matrices that allow spatiotemporal control of organoid growth and shape-guided morphogenesis.

We examine how microfluidic approaches and lessons learnt from organs-on-a-chip enable the integration of mechano-physiological parameters and increase accessibility of organoids to improve functional readouts. Applying engineering principles to organoids increases reproducibility and provides experimental control, which will, ultimately, be required to enable clinical translation. Advances in our understanding of stem cell behaviour have led to 209 establishment of complex 3D culture systems, termed organoids 123 affinity designer roadmap 2019 free, 4567 Box 1.

Indeed, providing stem cells with a set of biochemical and biophysical cues mimicking the in vivo stem cell niche allows them to maintain their capacity to differentiate into the different cell types of their tissue of origin, and to constantly renew affinity designer roadmap 2019 free to replenish affinity designer roadmap 2019 free stem cell pool, even when cultured in vitro.

In these artificial conditions, stem cells cannot only proliferate but also affinity designer roadmap 2019 free into complex structures. Compared with traditional 2D culture systems, 3D organoids better resemble the native organ in terms of gene and protein expression, metabolic function and microscale tissue architecture.

Hence, similar to well-established organ-on-a-chip systems Box 2organoids provide a promising tool to advance personalized medicine and next-generation drug screening, and to limit the need for animal experimentation. Organoids can be established for an increasing variety of organs, including but not limited to gut 891011121314stomach 15161718192021kidney 2223 affinity, 24252627liver 2829303132333435363738pancreas 394041radmap43mammary glands 44454647prostate 48495051upper and lower airways 525354555657 affinity designer roadmap 2019 free, 5859thyroid 6061retina 62636465666768 and brain 697071727374757677 affinity designer roadmap 2019 free, 787980818283 — either from tissue-resident adult stem cells ASCsdirectly sourced from biopsy samples Fig.

Organoids can be generated from tissue samples for a variety of organs. Organoids can be generated from pluripotent stem cells for a variety of organs.

In a standard ASC-derived organoid culture system, single stem cells or small clusters of cells are seeded into a matrix that mimics essential aspects of the niche in which the cells affinity designer roadmap 2019 free reside 123. Under appropriate signalling conditions that target key regulatory affinity designer roadmap 2019 free, the cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, migration and selection, and, despite the lack of spatially organized cues, they grow into structures that can undergo symmetry breaking and acquire a remarkable degree of architectural complexity, to some extent mirroring the organization and cell type diversity of their in vivo organ counterpart.

ASC-derived intestinal organoids typically first grow into monolayered spheres, which develop crypt-like protrusions reminiscent of the glandular epithelium of the native tissue. In vivo, morphogen gradients are required to pattern crypts and villi along their axis; remarkably, intestinal organoids acquire a similar organization of cell types in homogeneous culture conditions 9 that roavmap, without any defined external gradients.

Organoids further surpass 2D cell cultures in terms of structural resemblance to the corresponding organ and recapitulation of function. For example, intestinal страница can produce mucus, absorb and secrete biomolecules, and exhibit epithelial barrier affinity designer roadmap 2019 free Owing to stem affinity designer roadmap 2019 free maintenance, ASC-derived organoids can be expanded seemingly indefinitely, making нажмите сюда an incredibly valuable source of untransformed primary cells.

PSC-derived organoids are promising platforms for modelling organs, such as the brain, from which tissue samples cannot be easily obtained, and for modelling the developmental processes of organogenesis. Akin to the development of organs in vivo, PSCs grow, differentiate and eventually form organoids with structural and functional resemblance to the adult organ. For example, protocols for the generation of brain organoids generally start with aggregates of PSCs, which form so-called embryoid bodies.

After a first suspension culture affiniity, these embryoid afifnity are embedded in an extracellular matrix ECM -protein-rich matrix and placed in a fred bioreactor, in which they grow to self-organized neuroepithelial structures with compartments corresponding to a variety of brain regions However, this development is dependent on the stochastic nature of differentiation увидеть больше, which, ultimately, leads to high heterogeneity among organoids.

Several protocols were developed to better control the differentiation processes, with the aim to generate organoids of a specific brain region 8586 ; for example, brain organoids resembling the cerebral cortex 747883the cerebellum 8082 or the midbrain 78 In addition, the generation of midbrain organoids has been achieved starting also from more differentiated neuroepithelial arfinity cells 8788which, ultimately, led affinity designer roadmap 2019 free more functional organoids.

Endoderm-derived epithelial organoids, such as gastrointestinal and respiratory organoids, can also be generated from PSCs 67. PSCs can be differentiated into endodermal progenitors, which are then embedded in ECM-protein-rich matrices, in which they mature under rosdmap stimuli to form structures similar to native organs.

In contrast to their ASC-derived analogues, they designeg contain a mesenchymal layer and are usually larger, but, once established, they cannot be easily propagated by simple passaging 67. Organoids have deesigner useful for many applications in basic research and contributed to biomedical advances Figs 12 and Box 3. However, organoids have not yet been widely used for translational studies, baixar autocad 2016 estudante autodesk free as drug screening or regenerative medicine.

Organoids were widely suggested to empower medical transplantation, by the use of healthy cells to replace diseased tissues, and, indeed, several studies in mice justify this hope 142228293032334344455054585989 affinity designer roadmap 2019 free, 9091 ; however, the road to real-life applications is long, and several limitations have to be overcome to exploit the full promise of organoids.

The first in vitro models for organs were based on cancer cells, because cancer cells are immortalized and are easily maintainable.

However, the molecular characteristics of cancer cell lines are highly altered, owing to a positive selection for procancerous genetic mutations. Thus, central afifnity, including cell cycle regulator genes, growth factors, receptors, tumour suppressors and oncogenes, are dysregulated. In addition, cancer cell lines cannot be affinify from every patient sample and, therefore, they are not representative for the genetic variation within a population. Moreover, these models were cultured in 2D and, thus, lack spatial organization and fail to recapitulate the whole drsigner of healthy differentiated cell types.

Ebay microsoft download free 2016 office, primary explanted cells can be used to model mammalian tissues in vitro.

These cultures recapitulate cellular heterogeneity and, therefore, are physiologically more relevant. However, they lack the ability to self-renew, and their culture relies on fresh surgical tissues, which limits their applicability.

InJames Rheinwald and Howard Green roadmsp the field of organoids by showing that co-culture of primary human keratocytes and irradiated mouse fibroblasts leads to the formation of stratified affinity designer roadmap 2019 free squamous epithelium, with cell division confined to the basal layer and terminally differentiated, keratinized cells present in the upper layers, reminiscent of stratified skin This work was the first long-term culture of untransformed human cells.

The importance of culturing cells in 3D, that is, in a hydrogel, was first highlighted by the group of Mina Bissel inwho demonstrated functional differentiation to alveolus-like structures and recapitulation of frfe pathological state in primary mammary epithelial cells embedded in an extracellular-matrix-like environment, pioneering the field of in vitro morphogenesis Adult stem cells can give affinity designer roadmap 2019 free to больше информации cell types of a tissue in vivo, and they constantly renew themselves to replenish the stem cell pool In a landmark study published inthe affinity designer roadmap 2019 free of Hans Clevers reported seeding of single intestinal stem cells in an extracellular matrix substitute with tissue-like stiffness and essential soluble niche factors 9.

Affinity designer roadmap 2019 free stem cells proliferated and formed complex 3D organized structures containing stem cells and various differentiated cells types, which are now considered the first organoids 123. These intestinal and other epithelial organoids, such as gastric or hepatic organoids, self-organize into an architecture partially resembling the original tissue 917 The stem cell population in these organoids is maintained, making them a valuable source of untransformed cells.

Epithelial organoids are cystic by nature, that is, they are composed of a cellular monolayer with a closed architecture surrounding a central lumen, which makes experimental access challenging and the necessity of reseeding hinders long-term studies. Organoids developed from human pluripotent привожу ссылку cells PSCs are particularly useful for engineering tissues for roamap cell retrieval is impractical, such as the frree or retina 47.

PSC-derived organoids were pioneered by the group of Affinity designer roadmap 2019 free Sasai, affinity designer roadmap 2019 free formed cortical tissues and optic-cup-like structures from embryonic stem cells in vitro 6283 by mimicking developmental pathways 7.

Adult-stem-cell-derived and PSC-derived organoids rely on the intrinsic ability of stem cells and their progeny to self-organize and form 3D structures, resembling tissues in vivo, which makes them a promising model system for drug screening and disease modelling. Organs-on-a-chip are alternative yet complementary approaches to organoids for modelling human organs 95affinity designer roadmap 2019 free Organoids rely on the self-organization of growing cell aggregates, whereas organs-on-a-chip are based on a reductionist engineering approach.

Excel 2010 download windows 10 aim to capture key functions that are indispensable for the physiological functioning of a specific organ by mimicking the tissue elements that perform these functions in vivo.

Thus, organs-on-a-chip usually comprise specialized cell types and the key biochemical and biophysical properties of the in vivo microenvironment.

The field of organs-on-a-chip affinity designer roadmap 2019 free been landmarked by the lung-on-a-chip device established by Dongeun Huh et al. These devices are amenable to easy readouts and allow precise control of environmental parameters.

In addition, organs-on-a-chip are generally reproducible and have longer lifespans compared with organoid systems. However, they often lack the complex cellular architecture of tissues.

Moreover, organ-on-a-chip platforms require a complex experimental vree, including tubing, pumps and the requirement of microfabrication equipment and expertise. Finally, the use of cell lines reduces the physiological relevance of organs-on-a-chip compared with organoids.

Organoids are widely used to model and investigate tissue development, homeostasis and regeneration, for example, to identify factors required for stem cell affinity designer roadmap 2019 free into specific lineages or the molecular mechanisms underlying cell fate programs 1 http://replace.me/28482.txt, 23roadmxp. Organoids also enable knockout studies of essential genes, which is affinity designer roadmap 2019 free feasible in affinity designer roadmap 2019 free, owing to embryonic lethality.

Pluripotent stem cell PSC -derived desogner are an invaluable model system for developmental biology; for example, human-specific features of neurodevelopmental processes were discovered by analysing brain organoids from human and non-human primates at a single-cell level Modelling diseases in mice is associated with technical and ethical challenges, and murine cells can often not recapitulate all aspects roadmaap human pathologies.

Alternatively, human organoids can be applied; for example, cancer-promoting genes can be mutated in gastrointestinal organoids,liver organoidspancreatic organoids or mammary gland organoids to investigate the relationship between rodamap mutations and growth factor independencies in cancer.

For many neurological diseases, including Alzheimer disease ADParkinson disease Dwsigner and autism spectrum disorders, accurate animal models are lacking. Similarly, introducing mutations in the gene coding for leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 LRRK2 enables the generation of a PD model from midbrain organoidswhich recapitulates key pathological features of PD.

This model led to new mechanistic insights, such as the involvement of the thioredoxin interacting affinity designer roadmap 2019 free TXNIP in LRRK2 mutation-dependent dopaminergic neuron death Organoids can also be generated from cells from patients 256. For example, intestinal organoids derived from patients with cystic fibrosis show aberrant chloride channel function, which can be rescued by correcting the disease-causing mutation Similarly, organoids from patients with inflammatory bowel disease IBD capture pathophysiological aspects of the disease and provide information on transcriptional and methylation alterations, The disease phenotype of individual patients can also be studied using induced Нажмите чтобы увидеть больше iPSC -derived organoids 256 ; for example, brain organoids have been generated from iPSCs established from patients with microcephaly 69, AD, PD 87or autism spectrum disorders 72 Of note, in the iPSC-derived brain organoids of patients with AD, amyloid pathology was observed before tau hyperphosphorylation, which sheds light on the controversy of AD phenotypes Patient-specific iPSC-derived retinal organoids allow the modelling of retinitis pigmentosaand Leber congenital amaurosis, contributing to the knowledge needed to establish effective gene-editing therapies.

Kidney organoids developed from patients with polycystic kidney diseasesexhibit a significant increase in cyst formation compared with healthy control реализуем ppt microsoft word 2013 free download мой and enabled the discovery of the crucial role of the microenvironment in this disease. Affinity designer roadmap 2019 free, many other pathologies were also recapitulated in iPSC organoids 373843, Cancer organoids can be obtained from tumour biopsy samples, including from the gastrointestinal tract 1017, liver, breastprostate 51and lung 55 Cancer organoids capture the disease heterogeneity bde administrator 64 bit, thus, present an excellent tool for personalized medicine to predict the affinity designer roadmap 2019 free of affinity designer roadmap 2019 free treatments 42, They also allow mid-throughput to high-throughput screening of therapeutics,and assessment of основываясь на этих данных toxicity 2627, Organoids are also useful models in infection biology 6, ; for example, epithelial organoids can be applied to study host—microorganism interactions 1718195978,,,,, affinity designer roadmap 2019 free Gastric organoids were used to study Helicobacter pylori infection 171819,and brain organoids were used to model and investigate the mechanisms of Zika virus desiggner affinity designer roadmap 2019 free, Lung, capillary, kidney and intestinal organoids could be infected with the virus, providing free into tissue tropism and replication sites, An impressive degree of physiologic functionality has been achieved in intestinal mucus production and absorptive activitiesgastric histamine-inducible acidificationhepatic albumin expression, glycogen accumulation and low-density lipoprotein uptake and mammary gland organoids milk production 21304784 ; however, none of the established organoid systems reproduces the full functional repertoire of their respective organ.

Even though multi-compartment organoids have been established, they lack consistent cellular organization, which hinders faithful and robust experimental readouts. The application of flow, an air interface or mechanical stimuli can improve terminal maturation of cells atfinity vitro 929394 ; however, integration of such features remains technically challenging An important drawback of organoid systems is the limited time span for which they can be maintained in culture. Epithelial organoids have lifespans on the order of one week, which is often insufficient to robustly differentiate ASCs into the full set of differentiated cell types expected in vivo.

This culture time restriction is even more problematic in PSC-derived organoids, whose lifespans are in vast disagreement with the timing of in vivo organogenesis, especially in human systems. In consequence, these organoids generally fail to mature beyond a fetal phenotype 12. Accordingly, brain organoids, for instance, are mimicking a fetal brain phenotype and further efforts reinforcing maturation are required to obtain a faithful model of the adult brain 70 ,

 

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IT departments that have not developed IT strategies experience alignment, organization, and prioritization issues. Align with the business by creating an IT strategy that documents the business context, key initiatives, and a strategic roadmap. To create a business-aligned IT strategy, you affinity designer roadmap 2019 free understand what the business does and what the business will need.

Only then can a carefully thought-out, strategic and tactical plan be created for execution. This storyboard will help you build your IT mission and vision statements and IT guiding principles, elicit business context from the CIO and the IT team, identify your key initiatives and build their profiles, construct your strategic roadmap, and evaluate your governance structures, budget, and organizational changes.

Use this template as a starting point to interview your business leaders to elicit the business context. The goal of the interviews is to affinity designer roadmap 2019 free business goals, organizational priorities, and business initiatives that will play a critical role in building your IT strategy. Meet with your executive team and work with them to identify essential knowledge. This presentation template uses sample data from “Acme Corp” to demonstrate an ideal IT strategy.

Use this template to document your final strategy outputs including executive-facing business alignment and strategy highlights, key initiatives and summaries, strategic roadmap, budget proposal, IT goals and operating model, functional project roadmaps, and year-in-review data to highlight IT success stories. This tool guides an IT department in planning and prioritization activities гониво quickbooks desktop 2020 trial version – quickbooks desktop 2020 trial version спасибо build an effective IT strategy.

This Excel workbook guides you through affinity designer roadmap 2019 free key decisions regarding the visuals that should be incorporated into your final affinity designer roadmap 2019 free document. Key activities include building a goals cascade visual that shows the relationships between business and IT goals, initiatives, and capabilities; prioritizing key initiatives using a balanced scorecard approach; and building the IT strategy roadmap using a Gantt chart visual to showcase project execution timelines.

After each Info-Tech experience, we ask our members to quantify the real-time savings, monetary impact, and project improvements our research helped them achieve. See our affinity designer roadmap 2019 free member experiences for this blueprint and what our clients have to say.

The overall workshop was a great experience for my team. Reddy for basic 10 download windows a great facilitator and I enjoyed working with him. He provided very timely responses and follow-up. However, the final delivery wasn’t all that I expected. I asked for industry comparisons and was told after the fact that it wasn’t available. Думаю, microsoft office professional plus 2016 setup free download free download извиняюсь information is a key part to selling the direction I want to organization Having a completed Strategic Plan delivered at the ссылка на подробности of the workshop.

Worst – Due to the extremely как сообщается здесь s Best part was our team engaging and working thru our Strat Plan. In my opinion we didn’t have a bad part. Перейти was an amazing взято отсюда. He managed to keep everyone engaged and allowed us to write our ideas down on paper Affinity designer roadmap 2019 free were blown out of the water from initially going страница the workshop.

Annabel did a terrific job of working with us to modify the standard approach to accommodate our needs. All teams members indicated that they benefitted from the time spent. I would only say the worst part was having to run the workshop as a virtual ex We really enjoyed working with Sid through a structured process that kept us on task and track. The framework worked well and Sid was extremely knowledgeable, he was able to share examples from other universities that helped guide the process for us.

Sid was great to work with and really helped the team understand the purpose and practicality of IT principles. Узнать больше здесь Stakeholders were able to see our workload and challenges Affinity designer roadmap 2019 free посетить страницу Senior Leadership on the process First opportunity to align strategy across all of the newly merged departments Provided an opportunity to work together for an extended The team are very supportive http://replace.me/1156.txt knowledgeable.

Feel very comfortable talking to them, I feel like we are on the same team. The time to break away and dive deep into strategy and planning was amazing. Having it facilitated by someone so knowledgeable about our industry drove tremendous value to the time spent. Having InfoTech be part of this process really helped the team to Brian did an excellent job of facilitating.

He kept the group engaged and provided relevant insight and questions to keep things moving. The content and structure fit well with our adjectives. Very satisfied with the workshop affinity designer roadmap 2019 free the resulting plan. Best parts – being able to participate in a workshop and not affinity designer roadmap 2019 free to personally facilitate.

Best: Tempe has a very mature business project pipeline strategy, appreciated the ability to customize the workshop and pivot quickly to develop internal IT affinity designer roadmap 2019 free strategy.

It helped remove duplication of efforts to create a single comprehensive list w Reddy provided us with valuable information during our workshop. He provided us with outstanding guidance and recommendations as we look to implement this IT Strategy into our department.

While the overall process was time consuming, it was time well Mark and his team members are versed in the Business and IT alignment affinity designer roadmap 2019 free. Everyone is very pleasant to work with. We have come a long way since we started affinity designer roadmap 2019 free journey. Develop a data-driven, fit-for-purpose plan with a strong link to execution. Workshops offer an easy way to accelerate your project. If you are unable to do the project yourself, and a Guided Implementation isn’t enough, we offer low-cost delivery of our project workshops.

We take you through every phase of your project and ensure that you have a roadmap in place to complete your project successfully. Conduct analysis and facilitate discussions to uncover what business needs mean for IT and how IT plans to support the business.

Build affinity designer roadmap 2019 free understanding of what business needs mean for IT, the business strategy, and a clear alignment between the two. Identify high-priority key initiatives to support the business, enable IT excellence, and drive technology innovation. Build your key initiative plan along with your goals cascade visual to clearly communicate business alignment back to your key initiatives.

Evaluate the key components on an affinity designer roadmap 2019 free strategy that will help your team execute on your key strategic initiatives.

Build a strong operational strategy смотрите подробнее ensure IT can deliver what they promise and put in place the mechanisms to govern your journey. Complete your strategy by building a highly visual and compelling presentation that enables easy customization and executive-facing content. A CIO has three roles: enable business productivity, run an effective IT shop, and drive technology innovation.

Your IT strategy must reflect these three mandates and how IT strives to fulfill them. Elicit the business context and identify strategic initiatives that are most important to the organization and build a plan to execute on affinity designer roadmap 2019 free. Populate your Gantt chart to visually represent your key initiative plan over the next 12 months. A highly visual and compelling presentation template that enables easy customization and executive-facing content.

Some check-ins along the way would help keep us on track. Our team has the ability to take this over once we get a framework and strategy in place. We need assistance through the entirety of this project. A Guided Implementation GI is a series of affinity designer roadmap 2019 free with an Info-Tech analyst to help implement our best practices in your organization. Download the Business Context Discovery Tool.

However, unlike a mission statement — which describes the who, what, and why of your business — a vision statement describes the desired long-term results посетить страницу источник your company’s efforts.

Pick an online whiteboard tool that allows participants to use a large, zoomable canvas. Set up each topic at a different area of the board; spread them out just like you would do it on the walls of a room. Invite participants to zoom in and visit each section and add their ideas as sticky notes once you reach that section of the exercise. Invite everyone into the document but be very clear in regard to editing rights.

Pre-create your screen deck and screen share this with your participants through your videoconferencing software. The facilitator can then источник статьи that person to talk. Download the IT Strategy Presentation Template and document your mission and vision statements in section 1. The mission statements use simple and concise terminology and speak loudly and clearly, generating enthusiasm for the organization. This case study is based on a real company but was anonymized for use in this research.

We help IT leaders achieve measurable results by systematically improving core IT processes, governance, and critical technology projects.

Acme Corp. Organizational stakeholders are more likely to follow IT principles when a rationale is provided. Breadth of the IT strategy can span across the seven perspectives: people, process, technology, data, process, sourcing, location, and timing. Defining which of the seven perspectives is in scope http://replace.me/8690.txt the IT strategy is crucial to ensuring увидеть больше IT strategy will be comprehensive, relevant, and actionable.

Depth of coverage refers to the level of detail the IT strategy will go into for each perspective. Info-Tech recommends that depth should go to the initiative level i. Organizational Coverage will determine which part of the organization the IT strategy will cover.

Planning Horizon of the IT strategy нажмите чтобы увидеть больше dictate when affinity designer roadmap 2019 free target state should be reached and the length of the roadmap.

Successful IT principles represent a collection of beliefs shared among enterprise stakeholders. In organizations where formal policy enforcement works well, IT principles should be enforced through appropriate governance processes.

Your mission and vision statements and your guiding principles should the first на этой странице you communicate on your IT strategy document. It is important to show how IT contributed affinity designer roadmap 2019 free the growth and success of the business over the last fiscal year.

Gauge this value by identifying business goals from the previous fiscal year and the specific IT projects or initiatives that enabled each goal. Business value defines the success criteria of an organization and is interpreted from four perspectives:.

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The Nintendo Switch console was released inwhich sold more than 14 million units by the end ofexceeding the underperforming Wii U lifetime sales, and helped to revitalize Nintendo, alongside the “retro” Super NES Classic Edition console, the refreshed New Nintendo 2DS XL handheld, and a strategy for mobile gaming. Microsoft also released the higher-powered Xbox One X targeted for 4K resolutions and virtual reality support.

One of the most influential games of was PlayerUnknown’s Battlegroundswhich was released in early access for personal computers in March and by the end of the microsoft office 2016 download had sold 30 million units, [1] breaking several concurrent player count records and established the battle royale genre.

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Considerable debate was held over the use of loot boxes in video games and whether they constituted gambling, coming to a head with the release of Star Wars Battlefront II. Metacritic is an aggregator of video game journalism reviews.

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Star Wars: Battlefront II. EA Sports Electronic Arts. Blizzard Entertainment Activision Blizzard. Monster Hunter XX. Mario Kart 8 Deluxe. Destiny 2 [e]. Assassin’s Creed Origins. Star Wars Battlefront II.

The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild [f]. Biohazard 7: Resident Evil. Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy. Перейти на источник Automata. Tom Clancy’s Ghost Recon: Wildlands. Momotaro Dentetsu Tachiagare Nippon!

Star Wars: Battlefront II [e]. Yo-kai Watch нажмите чтобы увидеть больше Sukiyaki. Super Mario Odyssey [f]. Horizon: Zero Dawn. Mario Kart 8 Deluxe [f]. Nintendo ‘s Nintendo Switch console reveal, detailing its release day, price, and technical specifications, was held at Tokyo Big Sightand livestreamed online on Nintendo Direct. Sony Interactive Entertainment closes Guerrilla Cambridge. Hidetaka Suehiro announces that he has formed a new independent studio called White Owls.

Ubisoft acquires FreeStyleGames from Activision. FreeStyleGames is renamed into Ubisoft Leamington. Masaya Nakamurathe founder of Namcodied at the age of Interactive Entertainment and re-opened.

Global production of the Wii U has officially ended. ZeniMax Media acquires Escalation Studios. Take-Two Interactive читать Social Point.

Writer Erik Wolpaw leaves Valve. Alan Stone, co-founder of Nintendo of Americadied at age The D. Summit held in Las Vegas, Nevada. Irrational Games is rebranded as Ghost Story Games. Square Enix withdraws from IO Interactive. Christophe Balestra steps down as co-president of Naughty Dog. Evan Wells remains in his role as sole president.

Chet Faliszek announced he has left Valve. Owlchemy Labs is acquired by Google. Jay Pinkerton announces he has left Valve. EA Play was held at the Hollywood Palladium. IO Interactive becomes an independent studio from Square Enixretaining rights to affinity designer roadmap 2019 free Hitman franchise. Daniel Lichtcomposer of the Dishonored series and Silent Hill games died at the age of Ubisoft announced the establishment of a new studio in StockholmПосмотреть еще. The Internationalone of the highest paying eSports tournament in history, was held at the KeyArena in Seattle.

Gamescom affinity designer roadmap 2019 free held at Koelnmesse. IGN acquires Humble Bundle. Electronic Arts announced that they had acquired Respawn Entertainmentthe creators of the Titanfall series. Private Divisiona new publishing subsidiary of Take-Two Interactive is formed. New Shield Android TV. Nintendo Switch [66]. Video game platforms. NS Nintendo Switch. Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Wii Wii. Milkmaid of the Milky Way.

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Contact your account representative for more information. What Is Business Context? Source: Info-Tech Research Group diagnostic data The CIO is responsible for eliciting the business context A prerequisite to all strategic planning should be to elicit the business context from your business stakeholders.

Website Strategy Document Mission: Help our clients create long-lasting improvements by delivering exceptional service and products What are your targets for the organization? Strategy Document Corporate Retreat Notes Hire new sales reps Improve product management and marketing What are your top business initiatives over the next 12 months? Strategy Document CEO Interview Invest in sales team development Expand the product innovation team How do your top business initiatives support your business goals?

Document the business context in the IT Strategy Presentation Template Documenting the business context results is the first step to communicating the alignment between the business and IT. Example: Acme Corporation Strategic Plan 3. This includes business strategy documents, interview notes from executive stakeholders, and other sources for uncovering the business strategy. Make smaller groups of six people and assign one question to answer for each team.

Give each group copies of all the input documents. Brainstorm in smaller groups answers to the question you were assigned: What is the mission of the organization?

What are your targets for the organization? What are the goals of the organization over the next 12 months? What are your top business initiatives over the next 12 months? How do your top business initiatives support your business goals? Discuss the questions with participants and document key findings. Share with the group and work through the balanced scorecard questions to complete this exercise.

Document your findings in the IT Strategy Workbook. Drive Technology Innovation These projects will improve future innovation capabilities and decrease risk by increasing technology maturity. Business support initiatives must be directly aligned to business context outputs Each corporate initiative is supported by a major IT project and each project has unique IT challenges that require IT support. Align business goals to capabilities by identifying value streams Customize generic capability maps with assistance from our industry analysts.

The ability to quickly assess IT implications is paramount: Learn about the fundamentals of your industry, including its ecosystem, influences, opportunities, and constraints. Devise a list of initiatives you can integrate into your IT strategic plan to transform the role IT plays in your organization. There are two types of value streams: core value streams and support value streams. Core value streams are mostly externally facing. They deliver value to either an external or internal customer, and they tie to the customer perspective of the strategy map.

Support value streams are internally facing and provide the foundational support for an organization to operate. Review the full capability map for your industry Business Capability Map Defined In business architecture, the primary view of an organization is known as a business capability map. Business capabilities: Represent stable business functions. Are unique and independent of each other. Typically, will have a defined business outcome. Identify and analyze the key drivers of change in your industry value streams.

Summarize and rank the drivers of change by cost and customer impact Customize your capability map by incorporating high-value implications Identify supporting and new capabilities to incorporate into your capability map based on the high-value drivers of change in your industry.

Assess your ecosystem and influencers to identify drivers of change in your industry. Answer the questions that identify key drivers of change in your industry value streams. Summarize and rank the drivers of change by cost and customer impact.

Identify supporting and new capabilities to incorporate into your capability map based on the high-value drivers of change in your industry. Document your findings and customize the generic capability map with new and supporting capabilities for your organization. Customize generic capability maps with the assistance of our industry analysts. Identify the business capabilities where IT can have the most impact Consider the business capabilities most important to achieving the business goals.

Brainstorm IT initiatives to enable high areas of opportunity to support the business Capabilities are what a business does to enable value creation, rather than how. Incorporate these into the strategy. Source: Info-Tech, Business Vision Diagnostic Consider low-performing core services that can also uncover initiatives Source: Diagnostic analysis of business satisfaction scores 3.

Break into small groups and give each group one value stream. Identify and highlight the high areas of opportunity on the capability map. Groups will be given 30 minutes. Select a note taker and a spokesperson. Groups should be prepared to share answers with the larger group. Work backwards to figure out the necessary actions to achieve the goal and the necessary capabilities to achieve it.

Brainstorm process, technology, and organizational initiatives that are required to maintain, create, enhance, or remove specific IT capabilities. Be succinct. Each initiative should be an actionable statement. Eliminate any initiatives that will not make an impact. Collect insights over difficulties that might be encountered, steps that need to be taken, and resources needed to achieve the goal.

Highlight any processes that are high importance and low effectiveness. Describe each initiative as a plan or action to take to solve the problem. Have participants identify all steps in the process and write them out on sticky notes. Ask participant to flip over the paper, and draw out the problem as they would explain it to a peer. Have each participant or group present and explain drawing to the team. Have each team answer the following questions for problematic areas of the process: What steps in the process must be created, changed, or removed based on your drawing?

What initiatives are required to manage people, data, and other organizational factors that are impacted by this process? What systems are required to improve this process? Identify process, technology, and organizational initiatives that are required to improve low-maturity processes. Low-Maturity Processes: IT Strategy Quality Management Requirements Gathering IT Excellence Initiatives: Improve communication of IT strategy Improve automated testing Standardize and improve Agile requirements gathering To drive technology innovation, focus on identifying industry and technology drivers that will have the most impact Drive Technology Innovation An industry-focused approach to driving technology innovation enables IT to look beyond what the business currently needs from us and take a proactive approach to how IT can propel the business forward and offer the company a competitive advantage.

See where the CEO wants to invest in technology innovation Begin with understanding the appetite for innovation technology, why the business wants to innovate, and should the business adopt these technologies in the next three to five years? Which business goals did they support? Do specific innovation drivers trigger projects or initiatives for the upcoming year? Begin by identifying and prioritizing the value streams that provide the most potential and value for innovation.

Single out capabilities that are strong and have high maturity at your organization. This activity helps determine where technology innovation thrives but also surfaces constraints within your organization where innovation might not be viable.

Elicit use cases based on high-priority capabilities. A use case is a behavior of the system that produces a measurable result of value to an actor.

Prioritize use cases based on value and potential Business demand for new technology is creating added pressure to innovate. Remember to: Identify and capitalize on opportunities for IT-led innovation. Prioritize ideas and prototype solutions that will fuel organizational success. Establish and formalize an effective IT-led innovation process. Prioritize use cases that offer high value to the organization while still promising high potential within the constraints of your IT organization.

Define IT initiatives to drive technology innovation Brainstorm IT initiatives for each high-priority use case using the framework below. Describe each initiative as a plan or action to take to arrive at the use-case outcome.

Brainstorm respective initiatives to include in your key initiative plan. Dollar values should be assigned to items based on their importance and groups will need to prepare a rationale for their decision. Remind the group to ignore the literal cost or effort associated with the item or initiative. The primary issue here is importance. Each group will create a chart with two columns. On the left-hand side, record each initiative that has been evaluated; on the right, record the dollar amount allocated to each item.

When each group has completed the chart, compare and discuss the results and reasoning. High-Priority Use Cases: Enable employee mobility through mobilizing business processes Fully automate expense billing process Innovation Initiatives: Acquire mobility suite to secure mobile apps Acquire RPA platform Train on RPA platform Consolidate projects into IT initiatives where needed Note: Use this step if the brainstorming activity resulted in too many granular projects on the list instead of high-level initiatives.

Affinity Mapping: Gather all projects and solutions brainstormed from previous activities regardless of their size. Start to group them by similarity or the end outcome that they support. If they are initiative level, ensure they are moved to the top of the affinity map to represent the overall theme. If they are smaller projects, ensure they are categorized under the appropriate initiative name or brainstorm a name that fits the category if one does not exist.

At the end of this activity, you should be left with an affinity map that showcases your key IT initiatives that will be represented on your roadmap and the individual projects that support it which will be used by your IT team to execute.

Conduct a second round of prioritization where needed to determine your final list of strategic initiatives Leverage tab 3 in the IT Strategy Workbook to conduct a second level of prioritization. For all initiatives, determine the following and articulate your findings to business stakeholders in the formal strategy presentation: Does the IT initiative support a particular business goal?

Brainstorm and document the value of each initiative under the Value Statements column. Frame IT goals that will resonate with your team An effective way to identify your IT goals is to reverse-engineer your key initiatives into high-level themes that will resonate and empower your IT organization.

Identifying IT goals is the last step in your goals cascade IT goals are high-level, specific objectives that the IT organization needs to achieve to reach the target state. Step 1: Card Sorting On each card, include an initiative and a description that is succinct but contains enough information to describe what the initiative is.

Shuffle the deck and hand to the team. Describe the challenge and have the team sort the cards into groups that flow together. The group should decide together on names and themes for each grouping. Step 2: Storyboarding After the card sorting exercise is conducted, similar initiatives should be grouped into themes.

Give each theme a name and give each smaller group one theme to work on. Identify your specific theme to be reviewed, e. Instruct them to draw their ideal state, using pictures, words, etc. Participants can use multiple sheets of paper to draw processes, steps, or components of their ideal vision.

Have teams present their stories. Review the examples on the previous slides with your team if you do not know where to begin. Using the themes and storyboarding exercises outputs, create an IT goal that encompasses each of these implications. As well, create IT goals that achieve the vision and mission statements. Continue the process until you are satisfied that the themes of IT implications and vision and mission statements are covered by the goals. Align with the business through the goals cascade visual Use this personalized cascade as your guideline for strengthening IT’s alignment with business goals.

Do specific priorities, processes and pain points trigger projects or initiatives for the upcoming year? Each initiative must have three characteristics: Specific outcome: Describe an explicit change in the people, processes, or technology of the enterprise.

Target end date: When the described outcome will be in effect. Owner: Who on the IT team is responsible for executing on the initiative.

Illustrate the execution of IT initiatives using roadmaps Info-Tech recommends two different methods to roadmap the IT initiatives in your IT strategy. Gantt Chart This type of roadmap depicts IT initiatives, the associated goals, and exact start and end dates for each initiative. Sunshine Diagram This type of roadmap depicts goals and their associated IT initiatives. Discuss with the IT strategy creation team if the IT strategy should contain the Gantt chart or the sunshine diagram or both. Change the months and year in the Gantt chart to reflect the same roadmap start year.

Populate the planned start and end dates for the pre-populated list of high-priority initiatives. Work with the team to identify key themes and directions. Using curved arcs, break the grid into timeline periods. Work with the team to map goals identified in brainstorming activity to plot against timelines and key themes. It helps you: Show alignment to the business using an end-to-end goals cascade approach. Institutionalize the ongoing exploration and evaluation of new technologies by IT to place them in the proper enterprise context.

Socialize the roadmap early and often; take an iterative and interactive rather than a monolithic and dictatorial approach. Identified key initiatives that support the business. Identified key initiatives that enable IT excellence. Identified initiatives that drive technology innovation. Built initiative profiles. Constructed your strategy roadmap visual. If you would like additional support, have our analysts guide you through other phases as part of an Info-Tech workshop Contact your account representative for more information.

Your operational strategy is IT facing While business stakeholders care about what IT is working on and when they can expect it, your IT team will be asking the question of how to get the work done and reach the target state. Governance is performed in three ways: Evaluate Governance ensures that business goals are achieved by evaluating stakeholder needs, criteria, metrics, portfolio, risk, and definition of value. Direct Governance sets the direction of IT by delegating priorities and determining the decisions that will guide the IT organization.

Monitor Governance establishes a framework to monitor performance, compliance to regulation, and progress on expected outcomes. Info-Tech Insight Developing an IT strategy is a wasted effort if no mechanisms are put in place to govern the journey. IT must commit to frequent and effective stakeholder communication For each business support initiative, evaluate and identify the following: 4.

Brainstorm in smaller groups. Assign one initiative to each group and answer the following questions for each: Which are the key IT teams involved? Which stakeholder groups are impacted by this initiative? Who is the primary contact within each impacted stakeholder group? What communication methods are most effective for each business contact? Share in the larger group and assign a notetaker to document in the Workbook. Track progress towards IT goals with effective metrics and targets in place Refer to IT Goals Defined Refer back to the IT goals defined in the first section of your operational strategy.

Identify Target and Reports Progress towards IT goals must be tracked through realistic and actionable targets that your team can deliver on. Break out into smaller random groups as many groups as the number of IT goals you have.

Assign one goal to each group and brainstorm the following: Key metrics per goal Targets 1 per key metric Identify key metrics for each goal. Identify an initial service objective based on one or more of the following options: Realistic and achievable by your team Easy to measure and track Establish an initial target using historical data and trends of performance Establish an initial target based on stakeholder-identified requirements and expectations Prioritize one metric that is of highest value for each goal.

Share in the larger group and assign a note taker to document in the IT Strategy Presentation Template. What is organizational structure? Evaluate the organizational structure to encourage collaboration and to develop the culture to deliver the relevant services At the minimum, you must evaluate how strategic changes will require augmenting your current organizational structure.

Organizational design: The standardized and wide scope of work lends itself well to having functional groups and domain-driven silos in which the teams can focus on delivering or supporting one or more foundational and common services.

For foundational services, success should be measured by IT metrics specific to the services being delivered. Roles, responsibilities, and competencies: The people in these groups benefit from having analytical, linear, and specialized skills in the domain of the foundational or common service. Success measurement: For common services, success should be measured through a combination of business and IT metrics that indicate the service contribution to business value.

Identify changes required to reporting structure based on resourcing changes 4. Brainstorm the implications of your IT strategy initiatives on your organizational structure. Where in the IT organization will existing resources need to transition to? What are their roles during the transition? Carry this categorization forward for your budget as well. Business Support IT Excellence Innovation Incremental cost of key initiatives is calculated by identifying the following costs for each initiative: Labor Costs associated with the members of a particular organization who perform work.

Systems Costs associated with purchasing, developing, integrating, or maintaining any new systems or applications. Contracts Costs associated with contract workers and consultants and money paid to vendors for software, hardware, and other services. Present additional budget information to business stakeholders Each key initiative has already been categorized under one of the following buckets.

The outflow of funds reflects an operational plan for achieving organizational objectives. There are two major types of expenses: capital costs and operating costs. Capital Costs Capital Cost: Expenses incurred to buy things. In an IT environment, capital costs include: Purchasing a server. An integration consulting fee incurred to set up a new system. Operating Costs Operating Cost: Expenses incurred to run the organization.

An IT budgeting process must contain adequate measures to capture and communicate the benefit of IT investments. This begins with the collection of data and ends with effectively presenting the benefits IT investments will have for the business. Identify the incremental cost of each initiative by brainstorming and discussing the following: Labor costs: What are the ongoing and new costs associated with the IT staff who perform work?

Systems costs: What are the costs associated with purchasing, developing, integrating, or maintaining any new systems or applications?

Contracts costs: What are the costs associated with contract workers and consultants as well as vendors for software, hardware, and other services? Identify the breakdown of capital and operating costs for each major key initiative plan category business support, IT excellence, innovation : Capital costs: What are the new costs incurred to buy things and acquire new IT assets?

Operating costs: What are the costs incurred to run the IT organization and are related to the provision of services? Begin with identifying all functional areas within your IT team Identifying the different functional areas within your IT organization and their respective leaders will help determine how each key initiative will impact your teams and the work involved for each team.

Planning and controls should help drive progress and mitigate risk. Reporting should help communicate KPIs and inform decision makers. Project governance should help ensure that process accountabilities are clearly defined and followed.

Identify and list all your functional teams within IT. Consider one key initiative at a time, and brainstorm the following for each functional group: What is the impact and expected outcome of this initiative from the team? What project s must be completed by this team to achieve the outcome? What are the project start and end dates?

What will IT work on and why? How will IT ensure success? What projects are required to execute on initiatives? How did IT perform last year? Present the IT strategy for approval from stakeholders, using information created in this blueprint. Refine the initiative roadmap based on decisions for risk and budget. Secure approval for the initiative roadmap and IT strategy. After approval, create a communication plan. With the IT strategy approval, the big picture of the IT strategy has been communicated to the higher-level personnel in the organization.

Build a plan to communicate the big picture to all IT and business personnel involved in initiative execution. Further, build out the communication plan to include provisions for ensuring that execution of the IT strategy is top of mind for all personnel involved. Make sure the IT communication plan is targeted to the individuals working on each initiative.

Example: 4. Time frequencies can also be events that trigger a review i. Discuss with the team the different audience members for each time frequency and the scope of the refresh. The scope represents what areas of the IT strategy need to be re-examined and possibly changed.

Evaluated organizational changes related to employee count and reporting structure impacted by key initiatives. Built functional roadmaps and identified the project-level impact on each IT team. Finalized your IT strategy presentation to stakeholders.

Bibliography Ahmed, Anam. Gray, Dave. Accessed 10 May. Appendix Contains examples of rationales and implications for the universal guiding principles.

IT Principle 1: Enterprise value focus IT Principle Statement: We aim to provide maximum long-term benefits to the enterprise as a whole while optimizing total costs of ownership and risks. Rationale Solutions must aim to maximize the cumulative business benefits over their entire lifecycle. Enterprise priorities are above priorities of a business unit or a project. Track and demonstrate business value realization on all major investments. Prefer common solutions and shared services that benefit the enterprise over one-off solutions for one business unit.

Analyze and take into account organizational readiness for adopting new solutions. Manage development and operational risks on every project and acquisition. Include the total cost of ownership analysis for the proposed solution or solution options for every investment project or acquisition proposal. Prefer vendor-independent solutions to avoid vendor lock-in and enable competitive sourcing. IT Principle 2: Fit for purpose IT Principle Statement: We maintain capability levels and create solutions that are fit for purpose without over engineering them.

Rationale To be effective in satisfying business needs, solutions must be fit for purpose, i. Over-engineered solutions result in wasted budget, time, and resources and often increase operational complexity. Required capability levels must be maintained to enable achievement of business, IT, and capability goals.

Higher-than-needed capability levels cost more while not resulting in additional value. Identify the following non-functional requirements for every solution that needs to be procured or built: Business continuity requirements, e. Maintain required capability levels for all IT capabilities. Develop and execute a capability improvement plan for IT capabilities that have a lower-than-required capability level.

Avoid maintaining higher-than-needed IT capability levels. Rationale Complex solutions and high operational complexity impede reuse and interoperability, require increased effort to add, transform, or replace solution components, and result in higher lifecycle costs. Implications Minimize the unnecessary complexity: Restructure existing application portfolios so they become highly modular and loosely coupled.

Eliminate duplicate application functionality. Design solutions that simplify business processes and technology assets that support them: Build highly modular and loosely coupled solutions. Use standardized integration approaches. Rationale Economies of scale are achieved through the reuse of solution components and the purchase of commercially available products, enabling the reduction of risk and effort. Reuse helps avoid duplication of effort, decrease maintainability, and increase staff competency requirements.

Implications Build for discovery. Encourage reuse by building modular, loosely coupled, interoperable, and discoverable components. Build for reuse only if feasible. Consider costs of building for reuse versus potential frequency and benefits of reuse.

Reuse across business units. Choose cross-silo solutions over duplicative silo-specific ones. Prefer vendor-independent solutions to enable portability and cross-platform reuse. IT Principle 5: Managed data IT Principle Statement: We handle data creation, modification, and use enterprise-wide in compliance with our data governance policy.

Rationale Data is a key enterprise asset and must be governed and managed accordingly. Enterprise-wide data governance ensures that enterprise data can be trusted and allows maximum benefits from its usage. Implications Every solution procured externally or built internally must comply with the data governance policy.

Every solution must pass a data governance checkpoint before it can be used anywhere within the enterprise. Rationale Limiting the number of different supported technologies: Improves maintainability and reduces total cost of ownership. Enhances staff focus on standardized technologies and reduces staff competency requirements.

Improves solution interoperability. Implications Build a case and obtain executive approval to introduce a new technology. Request for approval to introduce new technology only if you have a valid reason, e. Consider benefits of introducing a new technology versus the required additional maintenance effort, additional staff competency requirements, increased complexity, and the potential lack of interoperability with existing technologies.

Balance controlling technical diversity and IT-enabled business innovation. Prefer vendor-independent technologies to enable solution interoperability and avoid vendor lock-in.

Reduce integration complexity by using standardized integration approaches. Rationale Security threats represent a high risk for enterprise information. Security threats represent a high privacy risk.

Security-related risks require special treatment due to the associated complexity of required control procedures and rapidly changing threats. Implications Every solution procured externally or built internally must comply with the security policy. Every solution must pass a security governance checkpoint before it can be used anywhere within the enterprise.

The existing IT environment must be continuously monitored for security vulnerabilities and breaches. Security vulnerabilities and breaches must be treated to minimize the associated business risk. Security vulnerabilities and breaches must be treated to minimize the associated privacy risk.

Rationale We aim to minimize business risks caused by noncompliance with laws and regulations. Implications The internal audit department must maintain a list of applicable laws and regulations. Every IT investment proposal must comply with all applicable laws and regulations. The internal audit department must continually assess its degree of compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, identify areas of noncompliance, and plan and implement initiatives targeted at minimizing the risk of noncompliance and achieving compliance.

Rationale We innovate to build industry-leading products for our customers. Implications Stay current on the business priorities and strategic aspirations to be able to innovate for the business. Identify technology trends and new ways to use technology for business advantage and share ideas with the Innovation Committee. Rationale We support the customer intimacy theme from our business strategy by providing best experiences to our customers.

Implications Measure and improve customer satisfaction with our services and products. Define service levels for services provided to our customers; measure and improve our performance.

Engineer products with best-in-class usability: Manage usability requirements accessibility, localization, user interface aesthetics, and consistency and test solutions against them. Listen to customers by involving them in product design. Manage customer relationships. Member Rating 9. What Is a Blueprint? Share on Social. Select Social Platform:. Need Extra Help? Speak With An Analyst Get the help you need in this 5-phase advisory process.

Define Your Digital Business Strategy. Become a Strategic CIO. Organoids are also useful models in infection biology 6 , , ; for example, epithelial organoids can be applied to study host—microorganism interactions 17 , 18 , 19 , 59 , 78 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Gastric organoids were used to study Helicobacter pylori infection 17 , 18 , 19 , , , and brain organoids were used to model and investigate the mechanisms of Zika virus infection 78 , , , Lung, capillary, kidney and intestinal organoids could be infected with the virus, providing insight into tissue tropism and replication sites , , , , An impressive degree of physiologic functionality has been achieved in intestinal mucus production and absorptive activities , gastric histamine-inducible acidification , hepatic albumin expression, glycogen accumulation and low-density lipoprotein uptake and mammary gland organoids milk production 21 , 30 , 47 , 84 ; however, none of the established organoid systems reproduces the full functional repertoire of their respective organ.

Even though multi-compartment organoids have been established, they lack consistent cellular organization, which hinders faithful and robust experimental readouts. The application of flow, an air interface or mechanical stimuli can improve terminal maturation of cells in vitro 92 , 93 , 94 ; however, integration of such features remains technically challenging An important drawback of organoid systems is the limited time span for which they can be maintained in culture. Epithelial organoids have lifespans on the order of one week, which is often insufficient to robustly differentiate ASCs into the full set of differentiated cell types expected in vivo.

This culture time restriction is even more problematic in PSC-derived organoids, whose lifespans are in vast disagreement with the timing of in vivo organogenesis, especially in human systems. In consequence, these organoids generally fail to mature beyond a fetal phenotype 1 , 2. Accordingly, brain organoids, for instance, are mimicking a fetal brain phenotype and further efforts reinforcing maturation are required to obtain a faithful model of the adult brain 70 , The limited lifespan of organoids is often a direct consequence of restricted accessibility.

As organoids grow in size, diffusion-dependent nutrient supply and waste removal become less efficient. For example, in cystic epithelial organoids, dead cells accumulate in the hollow lumen and, thus, the organoids have to be fragmented and reseeded.

In brain organoids, which can grow to several millimetres in size, nutrient inaccessibility leads to necrosis of the inner core, which can only partly be resolved by shaking cultures 69 , In addition to problems with nutrient supply, inaccessibility also poses an issue for controlling the different compartments of the organoid. In epithelial organoids, such as intestinal organoids, experiments often require access to the inner and outer sides of the epithelium.

For example, in studies focusing on host—pathogen interactions, microbes need to be delivered to the apical side of the organoid usually lumen-facing , whereas metabolites and cytokines would preferentially be delivered from the basal side.

Organoid systems also suffer from considerable variability in organoid formation efficiency, end-point morphology and function, which is often inherent to the stochastic nature of in vitro self-organization and cell fate choices.

Reducing this variability will be essential to fully capitalize on the potential of organoids in disease modelling, drug screening and regenerative medicine.

Engineering strategies, such as increasing the degree of automation, the use of defined media and matrices, and exact live assessments, need to be further explored to reduce variability in organoid development. Moreover, the initial conditions of organoid growth contribute to organoid variability, including the starting cell population, their positioning and aggregation.

A key limitation to automatization is also the complexity of protocols for organoid generation, which often require multiple experimental steps, in particular, for PSC-derived organoids. For example, simplifying the protocol for the generation of dorsal forebrain organoids substantially increased reproducibility Engineering techniques — from engineering cells to whole-organism engineering — are expected to increase the robustness of organoid protocols.

Routinely used setups mainly use optical monitoring as readout, which provides only little information about the functionality of the organoids. In situ monitoring of metabolites, secreted peptides or electric potentials is challenged by variabilities related to organoid formation.

For example, measuring the trans-epithelial electric resistance provides a standard technique in 2D transwell epithelial culture systems to assess epithelial barrier integrity; however, such measurements are technically challenging in organoids Similarly, the functionality of hepatic in vitro systems can be assessed by analysing metabolites of exogenous compounds and endogenous substrates, or the synthesis of bile and of proteins, such as albumin or transferrin 98 ; however, only small amounts of these analytes are usually present in single organoids, which makes their analysis difficult.

The integration of miniature biosensors into organoid systems could address this problem, which would require an adaption of the culturing setup. Indeed, typical hydrogel domes containing many organoids are rather impractical for the incorporation of biosensor electrodes. The consistent measurement of analytes would require setups in which the location of organoids can be controlled and the organoid shape can be constrained.

Furthermore, high-throughput measurements, which are relevant for drug screening applications, require the implementation of automated functional measurements. These issues, which limit the translatability of organoids, are inherent to their very design principle. Thus, only the fine-tuning of controllable parameters for example, choice of cytokines and matrix composition may not suffice to overcome these limitations.

The design of organoid systems needs to be re-evaluated to increase the number of controllable parameters. Engineering approaches, often explored by proof-of-concept studies on organ-on-a-chip technologies, offer the possibility to address many limitations of organoid platforms. In this Review, we discuss engineering strategies at different scales, including engineering of sub- cellular behaviour, local niche tissue engineering and engineering attempts to create holistic models of entire organisms.

Finally, we examine new approaches for the readout of functional development in organoids to allow more thorough characterization and incorporation in high-throughput assay pipelines Fig. Engineering approaches can be applied at several levels to organoids, including at the cellular level, niche level, multi-tissue level and to improve functional readouts.

As the building blocks of organoids, cells are a promising point of manipulation. Indeed, changing the intrinsic properties of cells offers a powerful approach to increase organoid robustness and to tailor them for specific applications.

Poor robustness of growth and patterning are major limitations of organoids, resulting in highly heterogeneous end-point collections. Indeed, the initial culture conditions determine whether a cell or cell clusters will form an organoid by self-organization 99 , In particular, the size and shape of the initial cell aggregates are important starting conditions, and many protocols fail, owing to fine deviations in the initial number of cells.

Controlled cell aggregation is usually achieved by microwell structures or microfluidic devices; alternatively, the surface of cells, that is, the cell membrane, can be modified to improve or initiate cell clustering For example, cell membranes can be decorated with specific attachment peptides, proteins, nanoparticles, polymers or bio-orthogonal chemical species, usually by bio-orthogonal chemical ligation for example, using N-hydroxysuccinimide NHS esters, sialic acid, oxyamines and derivates thereof , by electrostatic interactions or by liposomal delivery , , Bio-orthogonal oxime formation reaction between functionalized cell surfaces that is, ketone or oxyamine groups on cells bind to each other then leads to the formation of multilayered microtissues for example, human mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts with light-mediated control of size and density Binding of synthetic DNA fragments to cell surfaces has also been extensively explored; for example, decoration of cell surfaces with 3D DNA origami nanostructures enables the programming of cell—cell adhesion Another elegant way of controlling the spatial arrangement of cells in vitro is the application of external magnetic fields to cells magnetized by membrane-binding nanoparticles We suggest that such surface engineering approaches could also be applied in the organoid field to preorganize different starting cell types, for example, to align endothelial cells within a larger cluster of hepatocytes, which would allow the generation of more physiologically relevant and long-lived, vascularized liver organoids.

In addition to modifying cellular surfaces, a wealth of genetic engineering strategies are available to control the intrinsic properties of a cell , Organoid systems often lack terminally differentiated cell types, which is related to our limited understanding of the drivers of stem cell fate, and poor recapitulation of in vivo cues by exogenous, broadly applied, signals in vitro. Targeted genome editing through, for example, CRISPR—Cas9 technology has proven its enormous potential for basic research and clinical applications , despite remaining concerns regarding off-target effects.

Genome editing could be employed to modify the intrinsic response of cells in an organoid to external stimuli with the aim of generating cell types that would otherwise be absent.

Also, inducible expression of specific differentiation drivers could be used to favour terminal differentiation of cells that may otherwise only exist in more immature states. For example, targeted transcriptional activation of a protein of the cytochrome P superfamily here, CYP3A4 enhances cellular maturation in PSC-derived liver organoids Conversely, genetic engineering could be deployed to knock down relevant signalling pathways in specific subsets of cells to make them unresponsive to the corresponding stimulus, which could address the lack of spatial signalling control in organoids.

However, such a targeted approach requires knowledge of the regulatory networks underlying cell fate decisions, which often remains limited. Moreover, gene-editing technology is complex, and genetically engineered organoids are inherently less physiologically relevant, which is especially undesirable for investigations of cell—cell interactions and self-organizational processes.

Gene editing can also be performed in a corrective paradigm , that is, to correct single disease-causing mutations. For example, gene-corrected patient-derived organoids could provide a source for autologous transplantation to replenish diseased tissue.

Gene correction in organoids was first performed on intestinal organoids derived from patients with cystic fibrosis Retinal organoids, derived from iPSCs from patients with retinitis pigmentosa, could also be gene-corrected to rescue defects in photoreceptor morphology and function Although these gene-corrected organoids were not transplanted into animal models, they demonstrate the potential of applying gene-editing technologies for clinical transplantation.

Furthermore, in an inverse approach, specific diseases can be engineered in healthy organoids, with the aims of finding mutation-to-disease causalities and modelling specific pathological aspects , , For example, the successive induction of single genetic mutations in healthy colorectal organoids allows the simulation of cancer phenotypes. Interestingly, the number of induced mutations correlates with the tumorigenic capacity upon xenotransplantation ; in addition, loss of the adenomatous polyposis coli and p53 is sufficient to induce chromosomal instability and aneuploidy, which are both hallmarks of cancer Similar experiments could be performed to establish various relevant disease models in vitro and to highlight or identify causal effects of specific genes on congenital or acquired pathologies.

Such experiments would not be physiologically or pathologically relevant in 2D cell cultures, because effects may be dependent on cell types that are missing, and analogous animal studies are associated with technical and ethical challenges 1 , 2. Genome-editing technologies cannot only be employed to target single genes but also to integrate entire artificial genetic circuits , In particular, synthetic biology enables the engineering of such genetic circuits to generate multicellular logic responses and self-organization through feedback loops.

Integration of artificial gene circuits would also benefit the organoid field, albeit such studies have not yet been conducted. Nonetheless, synthetic biology approaches have been used to program cell aggregation in simplified cellular systems , , Inspired by the processes in the developing mammalian embryo, simple pattern formation can be engineered using a Turing reaction—diffusion system, composed of the two diffusible ligands Nodal and Lefty.

Owing to their mutual activation and repression, characteristic spot-like patterns can be formed in an otherwise homogeneous cell population Furthermore, genetically engineered stimuli have the potential to bias cell fate choices; for example, a pulse of the transcription factor GATA6 expression is sufficient to initiate germ layer emergence and symmetry breaking in homogeneous clusters of iPSCs Genetic circuitry can also be combined with cell fate choices, for example, in the engineered Notch-based system synNotch In this system, the extracellular domain of the Notch receptor is altered to recognize user-defined ligands, allowing experimental control over the inputs of the normal Notch signal transduction cascade of the cell.

Crucially, the intracellular domain of synNotch receptors can also be engineered to activate subcellular signalling factors. Input and output can be controlled, for example, for the contact-dependent transcriptional triggering of fibroblast-to-myoblast transdifferentiation The synNotch system has also been incorporated in cadherin-based cell—cell adhesion-controlling circuits in multiple groups of cells Fig. The cells of one group express the CD19 surface ligand and the cells of a second group express a synNotch receptor engineered to respond to CD19 that is, to the first group , triggering E-cadherin expression.

The resulting increase in E-cadherin expression results in cell clustering, owing to increased mutual binding affinity. Interestingly, by introducing a second synNotch receptor in the first cell population, the crosstalk between the two populations leads to self-sorting. The clustered second population activates adjacent cells of the first population to express low concentrations of E-cadherin as well as other genes that is, a fluorescent reporter.

Owing to the different affinities for cell—cell binding, a three-layer self-organized structure with autonomous symmetry breaking and cell type divergence is formed. This system is also able to regenerate patterns upon perturbation, beautifully exemplifying the integration of artificial gene networks in multicellular settings and highlighting that basic morphogenesis can be triggered by a purely synthetic biology approach.

Two populations of genetically engineered cells self-organize into multilayer tissues when mixed together. First, in the presence of A-type cells, B-type cells are converted to C-type cells that self-aggregate owing to their high E-cad expression. These cells present GFP at their surface, in turn, leading adjacent A-type cells to express low levels of E-cad and mCherry protein through activation of their synthetic anti-GFP receptor, which will lead to their conversion to D-type cells.

Microscopy images reprinted with permission from ref. The engineering of cell-intrinsic properties will certainly gain more traction in the organoid field, not only for fundamental research but also as a versatile toolbox for the precise control of cell fate and, possibly, tailored morphogenesis. Furthermore, the incorporation of advanced techniques, such as optogenetics , will likely expand the customizability of logic circuits and their application in organoids, by allowing precise spatiotemporal control.

Since the establishment of the first ASC-derived organoids 9 , it has been evident that simulation of the stem cell niche is key for the successful self-organized growth of stem cells in culture.

Many features of the stem cell niche, including the ECM, neighbouring cells and their secreted signalling molecules, have been recapitulated; however, such isotropically applied stimuli are not sufficient to grow organoids with high resemblance to their in vivo counterparts for biomedical applications.

Indeed, organoid culture conditions suffer from limited cell-responsiveness and batch-to-batch variability. Thus, engineered biomimetic platforms, which provide more faithful proxies of the in vivo niche, may improve control over the growth and differentiation of cells, leading to more physiologically relevant model systems that are amenable for clinical translation.

The ECM in the stem cell niche is an important parameter for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, and alterations in ECM composition are a hallmark of many diseases , Therefore, the ECM is the basis of virtually all organoid culture systems. Matrigel or similar commercially available products such as Geltrex , a lamininrich basement membrane extracted from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma, is the most commonly used matrix for organoids, providing a complex set of ECM signalling inputs and an appropriate mechanical context to organoids in vitro , However, Matrigel is not well defined which is not surprising, considering that it is composed of nearly 2, unique proteins , and offers limited possibility for customization, hindering its incorporation in customized organoid-based assays.

In addition, Matrigel is animal-derived, which hampers translation to clinical settings. Therefore, efforts have been made to generate defined hydrogels that overcome these issues, following two general strategies : matrices generated from naturally occurring materials, such as fibrin , collagen 8 , or hyaluronic acid , and synthetic hydrogels , , Protein-based or polysaccharide-based biopolymers can be recombinantly produced, reducing ethical concerns and batch-to-batch variability, as compared with animal-derived matrices.

Alternatively, hydrogels with synthetic backbones can be decorated with a wide range of bioactive molecules, including ECM molecules or ECM fragments For example, poly ethylene glycol PEG -based hydrogels functionalized with the basement membrane protein laminin enable reproducible intestinal organoid formation In these chemically defined hydrogels, intestinal organoid generation relies on the gradual softening of the gel provided by matrix degradation over time.

Completely synthetic growth matrices can be generated by functionalization with peptides that match short key amino acid sequences of ECM proteins instead of full-length proteins, for example, peptides corresponding to the fibronectin motif RGD, the collagen motif GFOGER and the laminin motif IKVAV Such matrices have shown some success in supporting intestinal organoid formation from single intestinal stem cells, yet, they remain inferior to matrices containing full-length laminin However, the viability of PSC-derived intestinal organoids in such synthetic matrices is comparable to viability in Matrigel Synthetic matrices also provide the opportunity to experimentally decouple stiffness, variability and bioactivity of the organoid growth environment, opening up the possibility for screening approaches to investigate the effects of each parameter on stem cell fate , Moreover, synthetic matrices can be designed for specific organoid applications.

Indeed, physical properties, in addition to more evident biological features, should be considered for the engineering of new matrices for 3D cell culture. Stiffness is a critical niche parameter influencing stem cell behaviour and appears to be the key determinant of the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards different lineages Thus, engineered matrices for organoid cultures should take such physical considerations into account, including stiffness, matrix viscoelasticity and degradability, which have to be optimized for each specific organoid system.

Native ECMs are highly dynamic, stress-relaxing matrices — properties that could be engineered in chemically defined hydrogels. In particular, the stress relaxation profile of matrices is directly linked to their viscoelastic and viscoplastic properties, ultimately defining the mechanical confinement of growing cell structures, such as organoids To generate biomaterials with tailored relaxation properties, dynamic polymer chemistries can be applied that allow the coexisting of both covalent and weak, reversible crosslinks.

Such mechanically sophisticated biomaterials have already shown exciting results for 3D cell culture systems For example, the fate of mesenchymal stem cells in tunable 3D alginate hydrogels was shown to be highly dependent on the stress relaxation of matrices, independent of the initial elastic modulus, cell-adhesion-ligand density and degradation During the development and homeostasis of organs in vivo, physical boundaries play a key role for cellular and tissue organization.

To provide such geometrical cues as artificial physical boundaries in vitro, technologies such as micromanufacturing, 3D printing and laser cutting could be used. For example, mammary epithelial cells can be grown in collagen hydrogels with predefined shapes to recapitulate the branching process of mammary epithelial tubules The probability of branching and forming new tubules depends on the local geometry induced in the epithelial monolayer.

This process is mediated by the diffusion of an autocrine inhibitory morphogen In intestinal organoids, the formation of crypt-like structures is a highly stochastic process, which occurs at random orientations and in variable numbers.

Microengineered scaffolds allow the robust patterning of intestinal organoids in a predefined manner. For example, a poly dimethylsiloxane PDMS stamp can be used to pattern a collagen scaffold, onto which organoid-derived cells can then be seeded.

In combination with the application of a morphogen gradient akin to gradients observed in vivo, an epithelium can be generated that matches the crypt-villus structure of the template with corresponding proliferative and differentiated regions Alternatively, laser-shaped matrices can be applied to grow intestinal organoids into predefined shapes, allowing apical and basal access, crypt-villus-like patterning and, most importantly, long-term homeostasis Fig.

In this case, the organoids are shaped into an accessible tubular architecture, enabling the removal of apically shed dead cells as they accumulate over time. Intriguingly, the observed cellular patterning reminiscent of the crypt and villus regions is established even in the absence of externally applied biochemical gradients, highlighting the morphogenic guidance potential of scaffold geometry Intestinal organoids grown in a patterned tubular matrix organize into a crypt-like structure akin to organoids, following the predefined architecture.

The integration into a microfluidic device allows the growth for extended periods of time. FABP, fatty-acid-binding protein. Adapted from ref. Instead of forcing organoids into a final shape, scaffolds can also be used to guide the shape of PSC-derived organoids during their development, that is, at the stage of embryoid bodies For example, organoids grown in chemically defined microfilament scaffolds adopt an elongated shape, which leads to the reproducible generation of a neuroectoderm and, ultimately, to improved cortical development compared with standard organoids generated from spherical aggregates Confining growing brain organoids to a thin disk shape enables the investigation of the biophysical forces driving the establishment of brain folds Interestingly, by employing LIS1 -mutated cells, the key features of lissencephaly, a pathological condition showing partial absence of these folds in the brain, could be recapitulated.

Organogenesis is driven by the intrinsic capacity of stem cells to organize themselves and their progeny. However, organoid studies have shown that the self-organizing ability of stem cells is not sufficient to generate fully functional and mature organs.

In vivo, tissue development is subject to external stimuli supplied in a precise spatial and temporal order, which is often not reproduced in traditional 3D culture systems, in which cells are embedded in isotropic matrices and homogeneously flooded with biochemical niche signals.

This limitation can be addressed by 3D culture matrices that can release or present biomolecules under spatiotemporal control , , The delivery of morphogen gradients by microfluidic devices can further induce controlled symmetry breaking, enabling reproducible organoid formation , , , For example, a microfabricated device can be used to generate stable opposing gradients of a sonic hedgehog SHH agonist and bone morphogenic protein BMP , mimicking in vivo morphogen gradients important in vertebrae neural tube patterning during spinal cord development.

This matrix enables the spatially controlled differentiation of ESCs, akin to development in vivo These PSCs can then be positioned at one side of the developing brain organoids to generate a morphogen gradient, which, ultimately, leads to dorsoventral-like and anteroposterior-like polarization of the forebrain organoids Spatiotemporal control over the presentation of biochemical cues can also be achieved by direct patterning of the growth matrix using engineering methods, which allow greater macroscale control compared with microfluidic-induced gradients For example, multiple growth factors promoting cell migration and differentiation could be independently spatiospecifically immobilized within an agarose hydrogel by employing two-photon photochemistry Moreover, ECM composition has a drastic impact on the differentiation of stem cells; for example, laminin and fibronectin promote cardiomyocyte and endothelial differentiation of ESCs in vitro, respectively Similarly, ECM ligand composition requirements are changing with increasing intestinal organoid maturity In the native intestine, the crypt-villus axis is patterned with gradients of ECM proteins, and individual ECM components play specific roles in intestinal stem cell homeostasis and differentiation , , Therefore, bioengineering approaches, such as 3D matrix deposition, are likely to further improve crypt-villus regionalization in intestinal organoid cultures or analogous symmetry-breaking events in other organoid systems by guiding patterns in a predefined way.

In addition to the spatial delivery of cues, temporal control may also be necessary to reproducibly generate organoids with a high level of maturation. For example, photochemistry allows the design of matrices that locally release soluble chemical factors or expose masked ones in response to light stimulation , Despite the development of a wide variety of photochemistries, the use of such materials for organoid cultures remains underexplored.

In intestinal organoids, the photoactivated local release of morphogens could potentially enable spatiotemporal control over the formation of crypt-like buds. Similarly, the mechanical properties of ECMs constantly change during intestinal organoid development , which could be addressed by introducing light-mediated changes of the mechanical properties of synthetic growth matrices, for example, using photodegradable hydrogels. Likewise, the geometry of the scaffold could be changed over time to guide the shape of emergent organoids, for example, by light-dependent in situ laser ablation In summary, although basic niche mimicry has advanced the generation and maintenance of organoid culture systems, these organoids often exhibit highly heterogeneous shapes and stochastic variability in their level of maturity and functionality.

Engineered matrices promise improved control over supplied morphogenic signals in space and time, and, thus, provide the opportunity to mimic the tissue microenvironment not only in its constituent elements but also in its dynamics. Therefore, next-generation engineered materials are expected to further expand the plethora of organoids that can be grown in vitro and increase the developmental robustness of already established cultures.

In vivo, organogenesis is regulated by stimuli from the immediate niche, in which the cells are growing. However, organ development is also guided by higher-order inputs, provided by the surrounding tissues and their functions, as well as by system-level parameters, such as fluid flow, mechanical forces or changes in pH or oxygen levels , Organoids are not easily amenable to integration within a whole-organism context; however, such integration would be required to grow physiologically relevant models of homeostatic organs.

Owing to their closed cystic architecture and their continuous expansion, organoids, for example, gastrointestinal organoids, need to be regularly broken up and reseeded to new cultures, which makes them inherently incompatible with long-term studies.

Furthermore, functional in situ readouts and experiments involving pathogens require access to the apical side of organoids. Inaccessibility of organoids can be overcome by applying low-throughput microinjections 8 , 17 , 18 , 55 , , , or by using inverted, inside-out versions of organoids ; however, these strategies remain challenging and suffer from low efficiency. Alternatively, polarized intestinal and colonic cell monolayers can be generated on 2D permeable polymer membranes , , ; however, this approach precludes the modelling of 3D tissue biology.

The problem of inaccessibility may be better addressed by leveraging engineering approaches to design an organoid system that allows easy experimental access and long-term maintenance of an epithelium. For example, microfluidic devices are promising tools to integrate access channels for waste removal and nutrient supply within organoids, and to enable independent control over experimental conditions 95 , Mechanical parameters, such as flow, shear stresses, pressure and movements, also have an impact on morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis , For example, blood-flow-induced shear stresses on the endothelium triggers terminal maturation of endothelial cells Similarly, diverse physical forces are involved in normal and pathologic intestinal function Such tissue-level biomechanical stimuli are lacking in traditional organoid cultures and cannot easily be implemented in current setups.

Thus, the incorporation of mechano-physiological parameters calls for a review of the very design principle of organoids, considering combinatorial approaches that involve self-organizing structures and their integration within devices that allow the generation of forces and movements. Organ-on-a-chip technology has introduced many techniques for the generation of forces and maintenance of fluid flow; however, the relevance of these systems has often been questioned because the cell lines used did not exhibit cellular diversity Taking advantage of organ-on-a-chip setups, single stomach organoids have been cultured on chips, on which the luminal compartment can be accessed with micropipettes to apply luminal flow and pressure cycles to induce peristaltic-like motility Although the effect of these external stimuli on cells has not yet been investigated, this system illustrates the possibility of engineering approaches to integrate biophysical factors in organoid cultures.

Similarly, kidney organoids have been grown on a chip and exposed to shear stress by application of fluid flow The presence of fluid flow not only improves the maturation of the kidney organoids, including tubular and glomerular compartments, but also favours the generation of a vascular network with perfusable lumens Fig.

Kidney organoids grown in the presence of flow-induced shear stresses show substantially enhanced vascularization and maturation. Reprinted from ref. Organ-on-a-chip-like devices also allow the growth of epithelia on 2D membranes with microfluidic channels on both apical and basal sides, providing bilateral accessibility and the ability to apply fluid flow , , Intestinal organoid-forming cells, seeded on such a microchip, grow into a functional epithelium with villi-like folds, if also exposed to mechanical stretch cycles mimicking intestinal peristalsis and luminal flow Such microfabrication-based devices provide the opportunity to combine biophysical and biochemical stimuli and, thus, increase the physiological relevance of in vitro models and the robustness of their generation protocols.

Many physiological functions and pathological conditions are not attributable to one specific organ but, rather, emerge from the interaction of multiple systems. Current organoids are not capable of modelling biological interactions at higher levels of organization for example, tissue—tissue or multi-organ interactions. The field of organs-on-a-chip has laid the groundwork for engineering multi-organ systems combined with organoid technology. For example, a microfabricated system combined models of breast cancer with intestine and liver models, simulating the sequential absorption, metabolism and targeted bioactivity of anticancer drugs Synergistic approaches integrating organ-on-a-chip setups and organoids can approximate the native cellular repertoire and show patho physiological relevance.

For example, in a microfluidic-based tripartite culture comprising stomach, intestinal and liver organoids, paracrine signalling-dependent regulation of bile acid production could be achieved, recapitulating physiological organ—organ interactions Similarly, a heart—lung—liver model was built using bioprinting and microengineering approaches, allowing inter-organ crosstalk Interestingly, this setup has provided evidence for lung-dependent cardiotoxicity of an anticancer drug, emphasizing the necessity of multi-organ approaches in pharmacokinetic screenings.

The integration of immune components into organoid systems remains rather unexplored. The immune system does not only play a central role in infectious diseases but also in other pathologies and in normal homeostasis.

Thus, the integration of immune components in disease model systems substantially improves the degree of their relevance. Viral for example, Zika virus in brain organoids 78 , , , , bacterial for example, H.

For example, gastric infections with H. Such long persistence is enabled by tight host—microorganism interactions; for example, bacteria can evade the immune system by interfering with the differentiation of T cells towards an anti-inflammatory regulatory phenotype This immune evasion mechanism could be studied in a triple co-culture of epithelial cells, cytotoxic T cells and bacteria, which led to the identification of H.

In non-infectious diseases, such as IBD, interactions between microbiota, epithelial cells and the immune system play an equally crucial role. Thus, organoids are promising platforms for the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying IBD For example, a platform containing a colon-organoid-derived epithelial layer can be complemented with monocyte-derived macrophages as immune compartment using a collagen-containing bioengineered scaffold Mimicking Escherichia coli- induced epithelial inflammation results in an increase in macrophage migration and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are known to be involved in IBD.

Protocols for the long-term maintenance of immune cells within organoid systems have yet to be established; however, these pioneering studies underline the potential of organoids in immunological research.

Taken together, approaches towards superior organoids must not only consider aspects of the local niche of a specific organ but also the system-level context. Approximation of systemic parameters promises to yield organoids with longer lifespans, more mature phenotypes, higher cellular diversity and, ultimately, higher clinical predictivity compared with traditional organoid systems.

Such systemic parameters include biophysical forces and strains, biochemical signalling with other cell and organoid types, as well as nutrient supply and waste removal. Maximizing the benefit of organoid systems is challenged by a lack of appropriate functional readouts. Organoid studies have mostly relied on phenotypic readouts thus far that is, aspect, shape and number of organoids Table 1. However, fully executing the promises of organoids will require the integration of continuous, accurate and versatile functional readouts, which can be automated in a high-throughput manner, to enable applications beyond basic research.

Optical observation is probably the oldest technique in biological research and remains one of the most powerful analytical methods. However, typical organoids are generated in 3D matrices and grow at uncontrolled locations, which makes automated live imaging challenging.

To enable live cell imaging, organoid growth locations can be engineered by using arrays of microwells , or by capturing cells within microfluidic devices For example, intestinal organoids can be trapped post-aggregation in a microfabricated pillar array to monitor morphological changes for example, swelling Similarly, hepatic organoids can be grown and differentiated directly within a chip to allow downstream analysis However, although morphological analysis provides some informative insights, more direct evidence about the molecular and functional state of cells would be desirable.

For example, genetically engineered reporter lines, which have traditionally been mainly available for murine organoids owing to technical difficulties in developing such reporters in human cells, have recently also been applied for human organoids.

Using genome editing, the efficiency of generating knock-ins that is, of fluorescent reporter sequences could be increased in human organoids , , opening up opportunities for non-invasive, live monitoring of different cell states or even subcellular protein localization. Several innovative imaging-based strategies have further been applied to measure the physiological parameters of organoids grown in vitro.

For example, continuous phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of an O 2 -sensitive probe allows tracking of oxygen levels, revealing highly heterogeneous oxygenation levels in intestinal organoids Despite the immense opportunities of imaging-based readouts, fundamental optical principles challenge their faithful reporting. In particular, organoids take complex 3D shapes and are embedded in non-homogeneous matrix environments, which, inevitably, leads to optical artefacts.

Radiometric methods have been shown to partially compensate for artefacts and, hence, are better than intensity-based approaches; however, their accuracy remains limited, owing to the fact that light scattering and absorption are wavelength-dependent phenomena.

In addition, the automation of downstream data processing and analysis pipelines remains challenging, despite recent breakthroughs , , owing to often non-uniform imaging parameters and the recurring problem of segmentation of regions of interest that is, object separation from the background.

By contrast, electrochemical sensors provide 1D datasets, enabling simple, unbiased and automatable downstream analysis. Electrochemical sensors are, indeed, accurate and versatile, but their pervasive use in organoid culture systems is hampered by their bulky nature, and miniaturized versions have only recently been integrated A two-organoid microfluidic device containing cardiac and hepatic organoids has been equipped with multiple integrated physical, biochemical and optical sensing capabilities Fig.

In addition to sensors for temperature, oxygen and pH levels, the device includes microfabricated immunobiosensors for the continuous monitoring of secreted soluble biomarkers. The detection mechanism is based on a label-free principle, exploiting the change of electron transfer kinetics of a redox probe upon antigen binding to an immobilized antibody.

Importantly, a regeneration process makes the sensor reusable for successive measurements over long time periods. Furthermore, all sensors are directly linked to a processing computer, which actuates the sensors and pneumatic valves for fluidic control, demonstrating the possibility of fully automated culture platforms. Automated and continuous in situ monitoring of physical and biological parameters in organoid cultures can be achieved using microfluidic devices.

The presented device contains multiple compartments for simultaneous growth of different organoids, as well as sensors to monitor various biological for example, metabolites and biomarkers and biophysical temperature, pH and oxygen levels parameters. The biosensor was designed to be regenerated, allowing continuous measurements inset. Adapted with permission from ref. A main challenge is to measure ultra-low volumes of cell-secreted analytes.

Indeed, such data would capture the functional state of cells and would, thus, be particularly interesting for drug toxicity and drug screening assays. Therefore, efforts have been made to incorporate biosensors into small-organ model systems. For example, metabolites, such as lactate , , , ions or protein biomarkers , , can be monitored using electrochemical sensors.

For drug screening applications, it is particularly important to simultaneously grow and analyse large numbers of organoids to increase statistical power and to screen hundreds to thousands of drug candidates in parallel. By combining imaging methods and microfabrication strategies, a high number of organoids can be analysed at the same time , Microfluidics platforms also allow the preselection of organoids by size , thus, homogenizing the baseline organoid population and reducing variability.

Droplet microfluidics is a promising technique for encapsulating cells but remains rather unexplored in organoid research. Hydrogel capsules can be used for the aggregation, growth and manipulation of organoids , , For example, prostate and breast cells embedded in Matrigel beads proliferate and differentiate at temporally and spatially controlled conditions Such Matrigel beads containing encapsulated cells were also generated in an automated high-throughput fashion This generated a large number of microcapsules with homogeneous size, composition and cell distribution, and opens up the possibility of high-throughput measurements, such as large-particle flow cytometry.

These microbeads are easy to handle and, thus, allow the controlled manipulation of single organoids. Similarly, human iPSCs, differentiated into endoderm, pancreatic progenitors and endocrine cells, can be encapsulated in hydrogel capsules , in which they form functional organoids with unprecedented consistency.

These approaches enable the automated generation of a high number of similar organoids, which is an inevitable requirement for automated large-scale screens.

Integrated approaches are expected to greatly boost the development of organoid screening platforms, including automated, continuous and functional readout for drug discovery. In vitro organoid models can be derived from cells from a variety of organs, often with astonishing resemblances to their in vivo counterparts, both in terms of microscale tissue architecture and recapitulation of cellular diversity and key functions.

However, challenges remain to maximize their translational relevance and applicability. Addressing these challenges will require a reconceptualization of the design principles of organoids. One of the biggest hurdles for clinical translation is the fact that growth environments of organoids are ill-defined, which leads to high variability of the resulting organoid phenotypes.

Indeed, relying only on cell-intrinsic self-organization leaves little experimental scope for external control of cell fate and morphogenesis.

Therefore, environments need to be designed that not only support stem cell maintenance but also allow precise spatiotemporal modulation of bioactive cues to guide organoid growth. For example, hydrogel chemistries and organ-on-a-chip technology can be applied and combined to better mimic the stem cell niche, not only in terms of delivery and presentation of in vivo-based biochemical cues but also by integrating biophysical and topological parameters often absent in traditional culture systems.

At a more fundamental level, genetically engineering the behaviour of cells can increase the functional relevance of organoids, for example, by tailoring responses to specific experimental stimuli or by driving differentiation of rare cell types. Genetically engineered inducible promotion of cell differentiation may indeed bypass the lengthy intrinsic differentiation timescales observed in vivo. The integration of organism-level parameters into organoid cultures remains rather underexplored.

In vivo, tissues respond to and co-develop in the presence of fluid flow, forces and strains, and, in the context of crosstalk and interplay, with other tissues and organs. Integrating such system-level parameters will help increase the physiological relevance of organoids and enable long-term studies in vitro. In addition, accurate, high-throughput functional readouts are as important as optimization of the organoid culture per se. The precise characterization of organoids is needed at the functional level, otherwise, the multitude of subtle cellular responses, which often do not have an immediate morphological effect in organoids, will be missed, precluding clinical relevance.

Therefore, the application of bioengineering strategies to traditional organoid culture protocols will usher in a new era of organoid development and facilitate their translation to real-life applications, fulfilling the many still unmet promises of the organoid field.

The question of the level of complexity remains, that is, how simplistic is complex enough. An appropriate model system needs to be chosen for a given application, keeping in mind that complexity is often increased at the expense of experimental control and throughput. Organoids resemble more physiological details than traditional 2D cell cultures, but are inferior to animal models in terms of system-level processes.

Although organoids can be made more robust and more physiologically relevant by using engineering approaches, they will probably never be as robust and reproducible as cell-line-based models, nor will they be able to fully reproduce the complexity of animal models. Therefore, to be able to choose appropriate models, a set of organoids with varying levels of complexity is required. The desired level of complexity should correlate with the scale of the process that needs to be modelled.

For example, the study of cellular processes and homogeneous tissue does not require sophisticated organoids; by contrast, studies of stem cell self-organization, brain development or microorganism infections require complex organoids that enable precise experimental control. The cellular complexity of organoids can be increased by incorporating immune or mesenchymal cells to model organs and associated diseases more accurately.

The organoid field enjoys tremendous popularity among researchers of various backgrounds and, thus, a variety of protocols are being developed with a tendency towards more complex systems tailored for a specific application. This wealth of novel protocols may, ultimately, lead to superior organoids; however, standardization will be challenging.

Therefore, guidelines, quality measures and validation procedures need to be defined for individual organoid systems. In this Review, we mainly discussed challenges of organoid systems as in vitro models for fundamental research and for applications in drug development. However, organoids are also promising platforms for tissue engineering, which requires the construction of large-scale tissues and organs in vitro for subsequent transplantation to replace damaged or diseased organs. Organoid systems do not yet meet the requirements of engineered tissues, because artificially produced organs must be free of animal components thus, Matrigel cannot be used , completely safe no risk of tumorigenicity and grown on a scale of centimetres to decimetres, with a microscopically and macroscopically controlled architecture.

In addition, engineered tissues must exhibit physiologically relevant levels of tissue function. Bottom-up assembly approaches enable the precise control of cell deposition inside a growth-promoting matrix. Indeed, organoids and cellular spheroids have been used as building blocks for large-scale in vitro tissue engineering , ; however, the precise manipulation of single spheroids and organoids has only recently been achieved by using bioprinting technologies , and microchamber-based approaches , for example, to grow high-density cardiac microtissues through the fusion of cardiomyocyte-containing and cardiac-fibroblast-containing spheroids , , or osteogenic tissue through the fusion of mesenchymal and endothelial spheroids To avoid the printing of overly complex 3D structures with preformed patterns, we recently pursued a complementary approach by printing stem cells with organoid-forming capacity to form centimetre-scale multi-organ structures with organoid-like microscale self-organization Bioprinting of organoids and organoid-forming cells is still in its infancy; however, it may open up the door for using organoids in tissue engineering, enabling the formation of functional organs and large-scale growth of artificial tissues.

Fatehullah, A. Organoids as an in vitro model of human development and disease. Cell Biol. Clevers, H. Modeling development and disease with organoids. Cell , — Rossi, G. Progress and potential in organoid research.

Lancaster, M. Organogenesis in a dish: modeling development and disease using organoid technologies. Science , Disease modelling in human organoids. Kim, J. Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine. McCauley, H. Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids: using principles of developmental biology to grow human tissues in a dish. Development , — Ootani, A. Sustained in vitro intestinal epithelial culture within a Wnt-dependent stem cell niche. Sato, T.

Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche. Nature , — This groundbreaking study describes the isolation of intestinal stem cells and showed that, in 3D culture, these stem cells can self-organize into epithelia with crypt-villus architecture featuring key cell types of the native tissue. Gastroenterology , — This study demonstrates the first generation of small intestinal and colon organoids from human adult tissue.

Jung, P. Isolation and in vitro expansion of human colonic stem cells. Spence, J. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue in vitro. This work provides the first method for efficiently directing the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into patterned 3D intestinal tissue in vitro. Workman, M. Engineered human pluripotent-stem-cell-derived intestinal tissues with a functional enteric nervous system. Tsai, Y. In vitro patterning of pluripotent stem cell-derived intestine recapitulates in vivo human development.

Barker, N. Cell Stem Cell 6 , 25—36 Stange, D. Bartfeld, S. In vitro expansion of human gastric epithelial stem cells and their responses to bacterial infection.

Gastroenterology , — Article Google Scholar. Bertaux-Skeirik, N. CD44 plays a functional role in Helicobacter pylori -induced epithelial cell proliferation. PLoS Pathog. Award-winning creative software Professional photo editing, page layout, graphic design and illustration — available for Mac, Windows and iPad, subscription free. Affinity Designer. All our apps come with a day money back guarantee.

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For any academic help you need, feel free to talk to our team for assistance and you will never regret your decision to work with us. We are reliable and established. You can entrust all your academic work to course help online for original and high quality papers submitted on time. We have worked with thousands of students from all over the world. This presentation template uses sample data from “Acme Corp” to demonstrate an ideal IT strategy. Use this template to document your final strategy outputs including executive-facing business alignment and strategy highlights, key initiatives and summaries, strategic roadmap, budget proposal, IT goals and operating model, functional project roadmaps, and year-in . Affinity Designer Best in class for creating concept art, print projects, logos, icons, UI designs, mock-ups and more, our powerful design app is already the choice of thousands of professional illustrators, web designers and game developers who love its silky-smooth combination of vector and raster design tools.

Put a process in place to review the IT strategy and make the IT organization proactive. Start by examining the changes to the business context and how the effect would trickle downwards. Denis is a transformational leader and experienced strategist who partners with clients to communicate, relate, and adapt for success.

Under Denis’ leadership, he sold his successful start-up firm Computer. As the first CIO of the University of Waterloo, Dave worked with IT teams from across the university campus to optimize how IT could help advance vital campus services, along with the development of an award-winning student portal that continues to evolve today to meet student information and service needs.

As the first CTO, and earlier as the Head Architect, at the Government of Ontario, Dave led the development of a government-wide enterprise architecture and implemented effective IT governance by establishing its architecture review board.

Ahmed, Anam. Accessed 10 May Accessed 9 June Kark, Khalid. Accessed 11 May Peek, Sean. Richards-Gustafson, Flora. Zhu, Pearl. IT Principle Statement: We aim to provide maximum long-term benefits to the enterprise as a whole while optimizing total costs of ownership and risks.

IT Principle Statement: We maintain capability levels and create solutions that are fit for purpose without over engineering them. IT Principle Statement: We choose the simplest solutions and aim to reduce the operational complexity of the enterprise. IT Principle Statement: We maximize the reuse of existing assets. As a last resort, we build custom solutions. IT Principle Statement: We handle data creation, modification, and use enterprise-wide in compliance with our data governance policy.

IT Principle Statement: We control the variety of technology platforms we use. IT Principle Statement: We manage security enterprise-wide in compliance with our security governance policy. IT Principle Statement: We operate in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. IT Principle Statement: We seek innovative ways to use technology for business advantage. IT Principle Statement: We deliver the best experiences to our customers with our services and products. We produce unbiased and highly relevant research to help CIOs and IT leaders make strategic, timely, and well-informed decisions.

We partner closely with IT teams to provide everything they need, from actionable tools to analyst guidance, ensuring they deliver measurable results for their organizations. Read what our members are saying. A blueprint is designed to be a roadmap, containing a methodology and the tools and templates you need to solve your IT problems. Each blueprint can be accompanied by a Guided Implementation that provides you access to our world-class analysts to help you get through the project.

Success depends on IT initiatives clearly aligned to business goals, IT excellence, and driving technology innovation. Get the help you need in this 5-phase advisory process. You’ll receive 8 touchpoints with our researchers, all included in your membership.

Guided Implementation 2 – Establish the scope of your IT strategy Call 1 – Identify mission and vision statements and guiding principles to discuss strategy scope. Guided Implementation 3 – Review performance from last fiscal year Call 1 – Assess year-in-review data and evaluate performance. Call 2 – Discuss diagnostic data results and success stories.

Guided Implementation 4 – Build your key initiative plan Call 1 – Identify strategic initiatives and required information.

Call 2 – Discuss how to build your roadmap. Guided Implementation 5 – Define your operational strategy Call 1 – Discuss and identify appropriate operational strategy components. Call 2 – Summarize results and plan next steps. Please enable javascript in your browser settings and refresh the page to continue.

Do not fill in this field. Enter no text in this field. Full Name. Job Title. Unlock Sample Research. I would like to receive email updates from Info-Tech Research Group that include advice and resources to help systematically improve my IT department. I may unsubscribe at any time. Business-Aligned IT Strategy Deck — A step-by-step document that walks you through how to properly align with the business, achieve IT excellence, and drive technology innovation.

Business Context Interview Guide — An interview guide to help you elicit the business context by interviewing business leaders and peers. Business Context Interview Guide. IT Presentation Template — A best-of-breed template to help you build a clear, concise, and compelling strategy document for stakeholders. IT Strategy Presentation Template. Strategy-on-a-Page Template. IT Strategy Workbook — A structured tool to help you prioritize IT strategy activities and build a roadmap to ensure success.

IT Strategy Workbook. Days Saved. Butler Community College. Department of Industrial Relations Contracts and Procurement. Birmingham City Schools. City of Menifee.

Sunflower Bank. Northwest Hardwoods, Inc. Department of Energy and Public Works. University of the Fraser Valley.

High Liner Foods Incorporated. Signant Health. Ministry of Innovation, Science and Smart Technology. Platte River Power Authority.

Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada. Institute of Public Accountants. Bin Shihon Group Company Limited. Northeast Community College. Meritrust Federal Credit Union. State of Hawaii — ETS. Destination Cleveland. City of Tempe. Richland School District Alberta Securities Commission. Load More Testimonials. IT Strategy Note: Updated Academy content is coming soon Develop a data-driven, fit-for-purpose plan with a strong link to execution. Key Benefits Achieved Build an understanding of what business needs mean for IT, the business strategy, and a clear alignment between the two.

IT strategy scope IT mission, vision, and guiding principles. Key Benefits Achieved Build your key initiative plan along with your goals cascade visual to clearly communicate business alignment back to your key initiatives. List of key IT initiatives. Goals cascade. Roadmap Gantt chart. Module 5: Define Your Operational Strategy The Purpose Evaluate the key components on an operational strategy that will help your team execute on your key strategic initiatives.

Key Benefits Achieved Build a strong operational strategy to ensure IT can deliver what they promise and put in place the mechanisms to govern your journey.

IT metrics and targets. IT resourcing changes. Next steps and strategy refresh schedule. Module 6: Document Strategy The Purpose Complete your strategy by building a highly visual and compelling presentation that enables easy customization and executive-facing content.

IT strategy presentation. Unlock This Blueprint. Executive Summary IT strategies are often nonexistent or ineffective. IT does not do a good job of communicating their support for business goals, therefore, Three-quarters of surveyed CEOs value tech leaders with experience fostering operational stability and strategic business alignment CIO Journal, , however… The CIO is seen as an order taker by business executives.

This usually results in the demands on IT far outstripping the IT budget. Projects and initiatives are not prioritized around business objectives. Synergies and dependencies are recognized too late. Projects are often late or put on hold because of sudden changes to business requirements. Build Your Key Initiative Plan Elicit the business context and identify strategic initiatives that are most important to the organization and build a plan to execute on them.

Initiative Prioritization Use the weighted scorecard approach to evaluate and prioritize your strategic initiatives. Key deliverable: IT Strategy Presentation Template A highly visual and compelling presentation template that enables easy customization and executive-facing content. Info-Tech offers various levels of support to best suit your needs DIY Toolkit “Our team has already made this critical project a priority, and we have the time and capability, but some guidance along the way would be helpful” Guided Implementation “Our team knows that we need to fix a process, but we need assistance to determine where to focus.

Guided Implementation What does a typical GI on this topic look like? A typical GI is between 8 to 12 calls over the course of 2 to 4 months. Workshop Overview Contact your account representative for more information. Launch the Management and Governance diagnostic. Gather all historical diagnostic reports if they exist. Contact your Account Manager to get started. Drives the company. Answers: What do we do? Whom do we serve? How do we service them? Gives the company direction.

Answers: What problems are we solving? Who and what are we changing? Ensure there is alignment between the business and IT statements. Begin by asking the participants: What is our job as a team? How do we align IT to our corporate mission? What benefit are we bringing to the company and the world? Ask them to share general thoughts in a check-in. Step 2: Share some examples of IT mission statements.

Example: IT provides innovative product solutions and leadership that drives growth and success. Provide each participant with some time to write their own version of an IT mission statement.

Step 3: This step involves reviewing individual mission statements, combining them, and building one collective mission statement for the team. Consider the following approach to build a unified mission statement: Use the 20×20 rule for group decision making. Give the group no more than 20 minutes to craft a collective team purpose with no more than 20 words. As a facilitator, provide guidelines on how to write for the intended audience. Business stakeholders need business language. Refer back to the corporate mission statement periodically and ensure there is alignment.

Objective: Help teams define their ideal culture how they work together to achieve their purpose to a vision statement. Share one or more examples of vision statements. Provide participants with sticky notes and writing materials, and ask them to work individually for this step.

Ask participants to brainstorm using the following questions: What is the desired future state of the IT organization? How should we work to attain the desired state? How do we want IT to be perceived in the desired state? Provide participants with guidelines to build descriptive, compelling, and achievable statements regarding their desired future state. Regroup as a team and review participant answers.

Step 5: Ask the team to post their notes on the wall. Have the team group the words that have a similar meaning or feeling behind them — these will create themes. When the group is done categorizing the statements into themes, ask if there’s anything missing. Did they ensure alignment to the corporate vision statement? Are there any elements missing when considering alignment back to the corporate vision statement? Step 6: Consider each category as a component of your vision statement.

As a facilitator, provide guidelines on word-smithing and finessing the language. Refer back to the corporate vision statement periodically and ensure there is alignment. Source: Hyper Island Toolbox Tips for Online Facilitation Pick an online whiteboard tool that allows participants to use a large, zoomable canvas. To help fulfil organizational goals, the IT department is committed to empowering business stakeholders with technology and services that facilitate effective processes, collaboration, and communication.

The mission of the information technology IT department is to build a solid, comprehensive technology infrastructure; to maintain an efficient, effective operations environment; and to deliver high-quality, timely services that support the business goals and objectives of ABC Inc. The IT department has operational, strategic, and fiscal responsibility for the innovation, implementation, and advancement of technology at ABC Inc.

The IT department provides leadership in long-range planning, implementation, and maintenance of information technology across the organization. The IT group is customer-centered and driven by its commitment to management and staff. It oversees services in computing, telecommunications, networking, administrative computing, and technology training.

Sample mission statements continued To collaborate and empower our stakeholders, through an engaged team and operational agility, and deliver innovative technology and services. Through collaboration and agility, empower our stakeholders with innovative technology and services.

To collaborate and empower our stakeholders, by delivering innovative technology and services, with an engaged team and operational agility. To partner with departments and be technology leaders that will deliver innovative, secure, efficient, and cost-effective services for our citizens. As a client-centric strategic partner, provide excellence in IM and IT services through flexible business solutions for achieving positive user experience and satisfaction.

Develop a high-performing global team that will plan and build a scalable, stable operating environment. Through communication and collaboration, empower stakeholders with innovative technology and services.

Build a robust portfolio of technology services and solutions, enabling science-lead and business-driven success. Guided by value-driven decision making, high-performing teams and trusted partners deliver and continually improve secure, reliable, scalable, and reusable services that exceed customer expectations.

Engage the business to grow capabilities and securely deliver efficient services to our users and clients. Engage the business to securely deliver efficient services and grow capabilities for our users and clients. The statement is expressed in the present tense. It seeks to articulate the desired role of IT and how IT will be perceived. Strong IT vision statements have the following characteristics: Describes a desired future Focuses on ends, not means Communicates promise Is: Concise; no unnecessary words Compelling Achievable Inspirational Memorable Sample IT Vision Statements: To be a trusted advisor and partner in enabling business innovation and growth through an engaged IT workforce.

The IT organization will strive to become a world-class value center that is a catalyst for innovation. IT is a cohesive, proactive, and disciplined team that delivers innovative technology solutions while demonstrating a strong customer-oriented mindset. Develop and maintain IT and an IT support environment that is secure, stable, and reliable within a dynamic environment. Sample vision statements continued Alignment: To ensure that the IT organizational model and all related operational services and duties are properly aligned with all underlying business goals and objectives.

Alignment reflects an IT operation “that makes sense,” considering the business served, its interests and its operational imperatives. Best Practices: To ensure that IT operates in a standardized fashion, relying on practical management standards and strategies properly sized to technology needs and organizational capabilities. Commitment to Customer Service: To ensure that IT services are provided in a timely, high quality manner, designed to fill the operational needs of the front-line end-users, working within the boundaries established by business interests and technology best practices.

Business Mission We help IT leaders achieve measurable results by systematically improving core IT processes, governance, and critical technology projects.

Vision Acme Corp. IT Mission IT provides innovative product solutions and leadership that drives growth and success. Vision We will relentlessly drive value to our customers through unprecedented innovation.

IT guiding principles set the boundaries of your strategy Strategic guiding principles advise the IT organization on the boundaries of the strategy.

Guiding principles are a priori decisions that limit the scope of strategic thinking to what is acceptable organizationally, from a budgetary, people, and partnership standpoint. Guiding principles can cover other dimensions as well. After defining the set of IT principles, ensure that they are all expanded upon with a rationale. The rationale ensures principles are more likely to be followed because they communicate why the principles are important and how they are to be used.

Develop the rationale for each IT principle your organization has chosen. Consider these four components when brainstorming guiding principles Breadth of the IT strategy can span across the seven perspectives: people, process, technology, data, process, sourcing, location, and timing.

Consider this criteria when brainstorming guiding principle statements Approach focused IT principles are focused on the approach, i. Business relevant Create IT principles that are specific to the organization. Long lasting Build IT principles that will withstand the test of time. Prescriptive Inform and direct decision making with IT principles that are actionable. Avoid truisms, general statements, and observations.

Easily digestible IT principles must be clearly understood by everyone in IT and by business stakeholders. IT principles should be succinct; wordy principles are hard to understand and remember.

Followed Successful IT principles represent a collection of beliefs shared among enterprise stakeholders. Enterprise value focus We aim to provide maximum long-term benefits to the enterprise as a whole while optimizing total costs of ownership and risks. Fit for purpose We maintain capability levels and create solutions that are fit for purpose without over engineering them. Simplicity We choose the simplest solutions and aim to reduce operational complexity of the enterprise.

Managed data We handle data creation, modification, and use enterprise-wide in compliance with our data governance policy. Controlled technical diversity We control the variety of technology platforms we use.

Managed security We manage security enterprise-wide in compliance with our security governance policy. Compliance to laws and regulations We operate in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Innovation We seek innovative ways to use technology for business advantage. Customer centricity We deliver best experiences to our customers with our services and products. Ask the group to brainstorm answers individually, silently writing their ideas on separate sticky notes.

Provide the brainstorming criteria from the previous slide to all team members. Allow the team to put items on separate notes that can later be shuffled and sorted as distinct thoughts. After a set amount of time, ask the members of the group to stick their notes to the whiteboard and quickly present them. Categorize all ideas into four major buckets: breadth, depth, organizational coverage, and planning horizon. Ideally, you want one guiding principle to describe each of the four components.

Discuss and finalize your IT guiding principles. Resources: We will allocate cyberinfrastructure resources based on providing the greatest value and benefit for [the community]. User Focus: User needs will be a key component in all IT decisions.

Collaboration: We will work within and across organizational structures to meet strategic goals and identify opportunities for innovation and improvement.

Transparency: We will be transparent in our decision making and resource use. Innovation: We will value innovative and creative thinking. Data Stewardship: We will provide a secure but accessible data environment. Why is this important? Communicating these elements shows how IT supports the corporate direction.

The guiding principles will clearly articulate what and how IT plans to support the business strategically. These elements set expectations with stakeholders for the rest of your strategy. Constructed the IT vision statement to communicate the desired future state of the IT organization. If you would like additional support, have our analysts guide you through other phases as part of an Info-Tech workshop.

Contact your account representative for more information workshops infotech. Business value defines the success criteria of an organization and is interpreted from four perspectives: Profit generation: The revenue generated from a business capability with a product that is enabled with modern technologies. Cost reduction: The cost reduction when performing business capabilities with a product that is enabled with modern technologies.

Service enablement: The productivity and efficiency gains of internal business operations from products and capabilities enhanced with modern technologies. Customer and market reach: The improved reach and insights of the business in existing or new markets. Draw a timeline representing the period of the last fiscal year.

Include dates and a few key events, but not more. Have participants place sticky notes in spots to describe their milestones or experiences. Step 2: Ask participants to draw in elements of their experiences.

They can include their highlights and lowlights of the journey as well as insights, emotional highs and lows, challenges, successes, frustrations, stories and surprises, situations, learnings, and anything else that meant something. Reflect back on the business value matrix and brainstorm specific milestones that supported the business.

Give enough time that the paper becomes as full as possible about minutes, depending on the size of the group and length of the timeline. Step 3: After the map has been created, ask participants to walk around the map, reflecting in silence on the experiences they have shared. Ask them to begin thinking about the most important moments for them, individually. Give about five to ten minutes for this step. Step 4: Finally, get specific. Highlight Success Stories Any deltas in diagnostic data will be beneficial in communicating the success of your strategic efforts and the impact IT has had on stakeholders and the organization in the span of one year.

Identify and build core IT processes that automate IT-business alignment. Create a plan to address alignment gaps impeding business growth. Deliver your plan to demonstrate IT value and progress. Here are some critical insights to extract from the CEO-CIO report Begin with understanding the role of IT at your organization and calculate the differential between actual and optimal: For IT to serve as a valuable business partner, IT leaders must direct resources toward supporting and achieving business goals.

Communicate this. Actual Has there been any improvement in IT maturity since the previous diagnostic launch? Incorporate into strategy. The purpose of the annual Business Vision report is to collect and present stakeholder feedback. Measuring importance and satisfaction data for core services enables priorities for the team based on what business departments and leaders expect.

Once again, alignment is the key. Communicate these. Do specific core services trigger projects or initiatives for the upcoming year? Do specific core processes trigger projects or initiatives for the upcoming year? Post key data visuals from each diagnostic report that can be used to interpret results. Give participants whiteboard URLs, instructions, and other logistics.

Participants visit each whiteboard to contribute assigned information: insights, opinions, differentials in data, etc. Recommendation: Assign a specific amount of time for the entire session, giving average times for each whiteboard, or create an announcement when participants must move on. Document your final and agreed upon outputs in your IT Strategy Presentation Template under section 4.

Additional data for year-in-review Assessing diagnostic data is a great starting point to review IT performance over the last fiscal year. Targets that were set out for the team to ensure the success of each IT goal.

The actual performance of the IT team against the targets that were set. Any differentials worth highlighting where IT surpassed targets and contributed to the overall success of the organization. Focus on communicating business benefits when targets are achieved instead of IT benefits. Consider eliciting the following information about major projects: Project description, objectives, and predicted outcomes Target statements to describe each predicted outcome and whether that value was realized Sponsor and impacted-user feedback and assessments on project importance, value delivered, training and communication, etc.

The variance in budgeted vs. Communicate any major pain points resolved with further stakeholder feedback 2. Document one success story per sheet of paper and add it to the whiteboard.

After creating a number of scenarios around success stories, provide each participant with a number of voting dots. Three to five dots is usually sufficient. Instruct each participant to use their dots to vote for the success stories most important to them. Participants can spread dots amongst multiple topics or put all dots on one topic.

Tally up results to help guide and prioritize future discussion. It empowers your team and celebrates the value delivered by IT thus far. It sets the course for the upcoming strategy by highlighting what your team is capable of. It builds credibility with business stakeholders by showcasing how IT can be a strategic business partner.

Analyzed and prioritized diagnostic data insights to communicate IT success stories. Elicited important retrospective information such as KPIs, financials, etc. Contact your account representative for more information. What Is Business Context? Source: Info-Tech Research Group diagnostic data The CIO is responsible for eliciting the business context A prerequisite to all strategic planning should be to elicit the business context from your business stakeholders. Website Strategy Document Mission: Help our clients create long-lasting improvements by delivering exceptional service and products What are your targets for the organization?

Strategy Document Corporate Retreat Notes Hire new sales reps Improve product management and marketing What are your top business initiatives over the next 12 months? Strategy Document CEO Interview Invest in sales team development Expand the product innovation team How do your top business initiatives support your business goals? Document the business context in the IT Strategy Presentation Template Documenting the business context results is the first step to communicating the alignment between the business and IT.

Example: Acme Corporation Strategic Plan 3. This includes business strategy documents, interview notes from executive stakeholders, and other sources for uncovering the business strategy.

Make smaller groups of six people and assign one question to answer for each team. Give each group copies of all the input documents. Brainstorm in smaller groups answers to the question you were assigned: What is the mission of the organization? What are your targets for the organization? What are the goals of the organization over the next 12 months? What are your top business initiatives over the next 12 months? How do your top business initiatives support your business goals?

Discuss the questions with participants and document key findings. Share with the group and work through the balanced scorecard questions to complete this exercise.

Document your findings in the IT Strategy Workbook. Drive Technology Innovation These projects will improve future innovation capabilities and decrease risk by increasing technology maturity. Business support initiatives must be directly aligned to business context outputs Each corporate initiative is supported by a major IT project and each project has unique IT challenges that require IT support.

Align business goals to capabilities by identifying value streams Customize generic capability maps with assistance from our industry analysts.

The ability to quickly assess IT implications is paramount: Learn about the fundamentals of your industry, including its ecosystem, influences, opportunities, and constraints. Devise a list of initiatives you can integrate into your IT strategic plan to transform the role IT plays in your organization. There are two types of value streams: core value streams and support value streams.

Core value streams are mostly externally facing. They deliver value to either an external or internal customer, and they tie to the customer perspective of the strategy map. Support value streams are internally facing and provide the foundational support for an organization to operate. Review the full capability map for your industry Business Capability Map Defined In business architecture, the primary view of an organization is known as a business capability map.

Business capabilities: Represent stable business functions. Are unique and independent of each other. Typically, will have a defined business outcome. Identify and analyze the key drivers of change in your industry value streams. Summarize and rank the drivers of change by cost and customer impact Customize your capability map by incorporating high-value implications Identify supporting and new capabilities to incorporate into your capability map based on the high-value drivers of change in your industry.

Assess your ecosystem and influencers to identify drivers of change in your industry. Answer the questions that identify key drivers of change in your industry value streams. Summarize and rank the drivers of change by cost and customer impact. Identify supporting and new capabilities to incorporate into your capability map based on the high-value drivers of change in your industry. Document your findings and customize the generic capability map with new and supporting capabilities for your organization.

Customize generic capability maps with the assistance of our industry analysts. Identify the business capabilities where IT can have the most impact Consider the business capabilities most important to achieving the business goals. Brainstorm IT initiatives to enable high areas of opportunity to support the business Capabilities are what a business does to enable value creation, rather than how. Incorporate these into the strategy. Source: Info-Tech, Business Vision Diagnostic Consider low-performing core services that can also uncover initiatives Source: Diagnostic analysis of business satisfaction scores 3.

Break into small groups and give each group one value stream. Identify and highlight the high areas of opportunity on the capability map. Groups will be given 30 minutes. Select a note taker and a spokesperson.

Groups should be prepared to share answers with the larger group. Work backwards to figure out the necessary actions to achieve the goal and the necessary capabilities to achieve it.

Brainstorm process, technology, and organizational initiatives that are required to maintain, create, enhance, or remove specific IT capabilities. Be succinct. Each initiative should be an actionable statement. Eliminate any initiatives that will not make an impact. Collect insights over difficulties that might be encountered, steps that need to be taken, and resources needed to achieve the goal. Highlight any processes that are high importance and low effectiveness.

Describe each initiative as a plan or action to take to solve the problem. Have participants identify all steps in the process and write them out on sticky notes.

Ask participant to flip over the paper, and draw out the problem as they would explain it to a peer. Have each participant or group present and explain drawing to the team. Have each team answer the following questions for problematic areas of the process: What steps in the process must be created, changed, or removed based on your drawing?

What initiatives are required to manage people, data, and other organizational factors that are impacted by this process? What systems are required to improve this process? Identify process, technology, and organizational initiatives that are required to improve low-maturity processes. Low-Maturity Processes: IT Strategy Quality Management Requirements Gathering IT Excellence Initiatives: Improve communication of IT strategy Improve automated testing Standardize and improve Agile requirements gathering To drive technology innovation, focus on identifying industry and technology drivers that will have the most impact Drive Technology Innovation An industry-focused approach to driving technology innovation enables IT to look beyond what the business currently needs from us and take a proactive approach to how IT can propel the business forward and offer the company a competitive advantage.

See where the CEO wants to invest in technology innovation Begin with understanding the appetite for innovation technology, why the business wants to innovate, and should the business adopt these technologies in the next three to five years?

Which business goals did they support? Do specific innovation drivers trigger projects or initiatives for the upcoming year? Begin by identifying and prioritizing the value streams that provide the most potential and value for innovation. Single out capabilities that are strong and have high maturity at your organization. This activity helps determine where technology innovation thrives but also surfaces constraints within your organization where innovation might not be viable.

Elicit use cases based on high-priority capabilities. A use case is a behavior of the system that produces a measurable result of value to an actor. Prioritize use cases based on value and potential Business demand for new technology is creating added pressure to innovate.

Remember to: Identify and capitalize on opportunities for IT-led innovation. Prioritize ideas and prototype solutions that will fuel organizational success. Establish and formalize an effective IT-led innovation process. Prioritize use cases that offer high value to the organization while still promising high potential within the constraints of your IT organization.

Define IT initiatives to drive technology innovation Brainstorm IT initiatives for each high-priority use case using the framework below. Describe each initiative as a plan or action to take to arrive at the use-case outcome. Brainstorm respective initiatives to include in your key initiative plan.

Dollar values should be assigned to items based on their importance and groups will need to prepare a rationale for their decision. Remind the group to ignore the literal cost or effort associated with the item or initiative.

The primary issue here is importance. Each group will create a chart with two columns. On the left-hand side, record each initiative that has been evaluated; on the right, record the dollar amount allocated to each item. When each group has completed the chart, compare and discuss the results and reasoning. High-Priority Use Cases: Enable employee mobility through mobilizing business processes Fully automate expense billing process Innovation Initiatives: Acquire mobility suite to secure mobile apps Acquire RPA platform Train on RPA platform Consolidate projects into IT initiatives where needed Note: Use this step if the brainstorming activity resulted in too many granular projects on the list instead of high-level initiatives.

Affinity Mapping: Gather all projects and solutions brainstormed from previous activities regardless of their size. Start to group them by similarity or the end outcome that they support. If they are initiative level, ensure they are moved to the top of the affinity map to represent the overall theme. If they are smaller projects, ensure they are categorized under the appropriate initiative name or brainstorm a name that fits the category if one does not exist. At the end of this activity, you should be left with an affinity map that showcases your key IT initiatives that will be represented on your roadmap and the individual projects that support it which will be used by your IT team to execute.

Conduct a second round of prioritization where needed to determine your final list of strategic initiatives Leverage tab 3 in the IT Strategy Workbook to conduct a second level of prioritization. For all initiatives, determine the following and articulate your findings to business stakeholders in the formal strategy presentation: Does the IT initiative support a particular business goal?

Brainstorm and document the value of each initiative under the Value Statements column. Frame IT goals that will resonate with your team An effective way to identify your IT goals is to reverse-engineer your key initiatives into high-level themes that will resonate and empower your IT organization.

Identifying IT goals is the last step in your goals cascade IT goals are high-level, specific objectives that the IT organization needs to achieve to reach the target state. Step 1: Card Sorting On each card, include an initiative and a description that is succinct but contains enough information to describe what the initiative is.

Shuffle the deck and hand to the team. Describe the challenge and have the team sort the cards into groups that flow together. The group should decide together on names and themes for each grouping. Step 2: Storyboarding After the card sorting exercise is conducted, similar initiatives should be grouped into themes. Give each theme a name and give each smaller group one theme to work on.

Identify your specific theme to be reviewed, e. Instruct them to draw their ideal state, using pictures, words, etc. Participants can use multiple sheets of paper to draw processes, steps, or components of their ideal vision. Have teams present their stories. Review the examples on the previous slides with your team if you do not know where to begin.

Using the themes and storyboarding exercises outputs, create an IT goal that encompasses each of these implications. As well, create IT goals that achieve the vision and mission statements. Continue the process until you are satisfied that the themes of IT implications and vision and mission statements are covered by the goals.

Align with the business through the goals cascade visual Use this personalized cascade as your guideline for strengthening IT’s alignment with business goals. Do specific priorities, processes and pain points trigger projects or initiatives for the upcoming year? Each initiative must have three characteristics: Specific outcome: Describe an explicit change in the people, processes, or technology of the enterprise.

Target end date: When the described outcome will be in effect. Owner: Who on the IT team is responsible for executing on the initiative. Illustrate the execution of IT initiatives using roadmaps Info-Tech recommends two different methods to roadmap the IT initiatives in your IT strategy.

Gantt Chart This type of roadmap depicts IT initiatives, the associated goals, and exact start and end dates for each initiative. Sunshine Diagram This type of roadmap depicts goals and their associated IT initiatives.

Discuss with the IT strategy creation team if the IT strategy should contain the Gantt chart or the sunshine diagram or both. Change the months and year in the Gantt chart to reflect the same roadmap start year. Populate the planned start and end dates for the pre-populated list of high-priority initiatives.

Work with the team to identify key themes and directions. Using curved arcs, break the grid into timeline periods. Work with the team to map goals identified in brainstorming activity to plot against timelines and key themes. It helps you: Show alignment to the business using an end-to-end goals cascade approach. Institutionalize the ongoing exploration and evaluation of new technologies by IT to place them in the proper enterprise context.

Socialize the roadmap early and often; take an iterative and interactive rather than a monolithic and dictatorial approach. Identified key initiatives that support the business. Identified key initiatives that enable IT excellence.

Identified initiatives that drive technology innovation. Built initiative profiles. Constructed your strategy roadmap visual. If you would like additional support, have our analysts guide you through other phases as part of an Info-Tech workshop Contact your account representative for more information. Your operational strategy is IT facing While business stakeholders care about what IT is working on and when they can expect it, your IT team will be asking the question of how to get the work done and reach the target state.

Governance is performed in three ways: Evaluate Governance ensures that business goals are achieved by evaluating stakeholder needs, criteria, metrics, portfolio, risk, and definition of value. Direct Governance sets the direction of IT by delegating priorities and determining the decisions that will guide the IT organization. Monitor Governance establishes a framework to monitor performance, compliance to regulation, and progress on expected outcomes. Info-Tech Insight Developing an IT strategy is a wasted effort if no mechanisms are put in place to govern the journey.

IT must commit to frequent and effective stakeholder communication For each business support initiative, evaluate and identify the following: 4. Brainstorm in smaller groups. Assign one initiative to each group and answer the following questions for each: Which are the key IT teams involved? Which stakeholder groups are impacted by this initiative? Who is the primary contact within each impacted stakeholder group?

What communication methods are most effective for each business contact? Share in the larger group and assign a notetaker to document in the Workbook. Track progress towards IT goals with effective metrics and targets in place Refer to IT Goals Defined Refer back to the IT goals defined in the first section of your operational strategy. Identify Target and Reports Progress towards IT goals must be tracked through realistic and actionable targets that your team can deliver on.

Break out into smaller random groups as many groups as the number of IT goals you have. Assign one goal to each group and brainstorm the following: Key metrics per goal Targets 1 per key metric Identify key metrics for each goal. Identify an initial service objective based on one or more of the following options: Realistic and achievable by your team Easy to measure and track Establish an initial target using historical data and trends of performance Establish an initial target based on stakeholder-identified requirements and expectations Prioritize one metric that is of highest value for each goal.

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Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Extracellular-vesicle-based cell-to-cell communication is conserved across all kingdoms of life.

There is compelling evidence that extracellular vesicles are involved in major patho physiological processes, including cellular homoeostasis, infection propagation, cancer development and cardiovascular diseases. Various studies suggest that extracellular vesicles have several advantages over conventional synthetic carriers, opening new frontiers for modern drug delivery.

Despite extensive research, clinical translation of extracellular-vesicle-based therapies remains challenging. Here, we discuss the uniqueness of extracellular vesicles along with critical design and development steps required to utilize their full potential as drug carriers, including loading methods, in-depth characterization and large-scale manufacturing.

We compare the prospects of extracellular vesicles with those of the well established liposomes and provide guidelines to direct the process of developing vesicle-based drug delivery systems. As the field of targeted drug delivery has expanded, nanotechnology has contributed substantially to the development of smart carriers in recent decades 1.

In particular, lipid-based nanocarriers offer a versatile platform for drug encapsulation, which has led to clinical translation of several formulations.

In addition to synthetic nanocarriers, cell-derived extracellular-vesicle EV -based carrier systems have attracted considerable interest 2. EVs are a heterogeneous group of small, lipid-bound nanoparticles acting as key mediators of many patho physiological processes 3. They are also being explored for the delivery of therapeutic payloads to specific cells or tissues, harnessing their intrinsic tissue-homing capabilities 4. From a drug delivery perspective, EVs are comparable to liposomes, given that both are phospholipid based.

However, EVs are assembled from a complex mixture of various lipids and surface and membrane proteins; some of these components aid tissue targeting, while others ensure minimal non-specific interactions 5 , 6.

These unique protein-decorated phospholipid vesicles have been postulated to contain the specific barcodes needed to find their target both locally and at distant sites. Despite extensive research, the superiority of EV-based drug delivery over delivery via engineered nanocarriers, such as liposomes, and the associated risk—benefit ratio remain matters of debate 7. Here, we critically discuss the prospects of EVs as drug delivery vehicles and as next-generation therapeutics.

We also propose a colour-code guideline regarding experimental requirements and scientific needs to facilitate the development of EVs as drug carriers to evaluate their delivery efficacy and allow benchmarking against alternatives. EV secretion appears to be an evolutionarily conserved process present throughout all kingdoms of life 8. Regarding fundamental biology, EV research focuses on understanding the biogenesis and release of these natural carriers and their fate upon interaction with target cells.

This also comprises the genotypic and phenotypic responses that EVs induce and the mechanisms by which EVs mediate cell-to-cell communication 5 , 9. Several subtypes of EV, including exosomes, ectosomes, microvesicles, membrane vesicles and apoptotic bodies, have been identified These EVs have been isolated from various sources, including mammalian and prokaryotic cell cultures, blood plasma, bovine milk and plants 8.

Each EV subpopulation may be derived via distinct biogenesis pathways, and because their precise biogenic origin is impossible to ascertain in most cases, a comprehensive characterization of the vesicles is crucial. In addition, different EV formulations may have substantially different size distributions; thus, standardized characterization is challenging Proteomic evidence suggests that an EV core protein signature for example CD63, CD9 or CD81 of highly expressed vesicular proteins is commonly shared between EVs of diverse parent cell origins Various tetraspanins are commonly used as molecular markers of EVs.

In contrast to the previous MISEV guidelines, there are no typical EV markers that need to be identified on EVs, but careful discrimination of EVs from contaminants, such as protein aggregates and viruses, is important.

To add a further layer of complexity, vesicles still carry parent-cell-specific signatures, which are crucial components permitting target-cell interactions in distinctly different manners In addition to the core signature of highly expressed and highly enriched vesicular proteins, other typically low-abundance and less enriched protein components are present; these proteins reflect the specific parent-cell origin of the EVs and may also vary depending on the nature and biogenesis of different EV subpopulations From a drug delivery perspective, this complexity needs to be understood via comprehensive multi omics studies 16 and addressed in all characterization and production processes Fig.

EVs are produced as heterogeneous mixtures of different subpopulations, and they may participate in proximal and distal communication between cells. After entering the systemic circulation, they must avoid elimination organs, such as the liver, lungs and kidneys, as well as immune cells. Their target-tissue efficiency depends on the degree of functionalization and target-cell interaction. Under physiological conditions, EVs are signal carriers involved in the homoeostasis of several processes and of events during cell development, for example cell differentiation EV-mediated cross-talk may occur unidirectionally or reciprocally: that is, one cell sends information to another with or without reciprocal signal transmission from the recipient cell, respectively, or even via systemic communication, during which EVs traffic to various tissues and organs.

This interaction may involve not only the release and delivery of EV cargo but also cell surface interactions and target-cell modulation, such as immune-cell activation by major histocompatibility complex—peptide interactions.

The mechanisms by which EVs are taken up by their target cells are still poorly understood, and examples from the literature are often specific for a certain type of vesicle 5. Currently known cellular entry routes of EVs range through receptor-mediated endocytosis, lipid raft interactions, clathrin interactions, phagocytosis, macropinocytosis and possibly direct fusion 9. Similarly to many other nanocarriers, EVs taken up into endosomes need to escape the endosomes to release their cargo into the cytosol.

Endosomal escape is associated with degradation in acidic compartments of the lysosomal pathway, which could impair the integrity of EV cargoes Although EVs were initially postulated to be an unprecedented route for direct cell membrane fusion and cytosolic delivery 20 , vesicle uptake has been confirmed to be a very complex mechanism, which requires more in-depth evaluation exploring subcellular analyses based on high-resolution microscopy or novel live-cell reporters On the other hand, the biological effects induced by EVs are currently well known.

During oncogenesis, tumour cells increase their yield of EVs, allowing not only the modulation of surrounding healthy cells, immune cell dysregulation and tumour proliferation but also communication with distant tissues, for example during angiogenesis Glioblastoma cells were shown to secrete EVs capable of immunosuppression by blocking T-cell activation and receptor stimulation Moreover, widely used cytotoxic drugs, such as taxanes, may also induce shedding of EVs with prometastatic properties Although the role of EVs in tumour biology has been investigated extensively, the development of new tools for treatment and diagnostics is still hampered by the absence of tumour-specific EV markers.

A comparable modulatory role of EVs has been observed in the progression of resistance to infections. In the context of viral infections, some EVs may carry viral proteins from infected cells and follow comparable biogenesis pathways Furthermore, bacteria utilize EVs for the transmission of resistance genes and virulence factors 26 , which has sparked interest in the development of bacterial vesicles for vaccination applications Bacterial EVs from non-pathogenic or probiotic bacterial sources may also be harnessed as potential EV-based delivery carriers, and their production may be readily scalable by cultivation of EV-producing bacteria in small fermenters 28 , This is a promising avenue for the manufacturing of EVs with novel functionalities and in conjunction with biomaterials 30 , However, immunogenicity requires more detailed evaluation for bacterial vesicles than for mammalian EVs owing to the potential presence of lipopolysaccharides, as recently discussed in detail With the development of new analytical tools, it has been found that many previously applied isolation techniques are not specific for EVs and lead to the inclusion of contaminants.

Methods are constantly refined, but they often expose the limitations in the field, making it difficult for new researchers to follow progress in the state-of-the-art methods.

For every drug nanocarrier, a comprehensive physicochemical characterization and its interactions in biological environments must be investigated for therapeutic development. While liposomes have been extensively evaluated for efficacy and biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo, methodologies well adapted to the considerably more complex EVs are lacking. These natural vesicles are assembled and packaged in a cell-specific manner; for example, cancer-derived EVs carry molecular information distinct from that carried by stem-cell- or blood-cell-derived EVs.

While challenging from the perspective of drug carrier development, these properties make EVs a promising biomarker for liquid biopsies in several applications In regenerative medicine, EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells MSCs are already under clinical assessment 34 for future use in nanodelivery Table 1.

Stem-cell-derived EVs can induce immune cells to undergo modulation from an activated inflammatory state to a tolerant regulatory state. N -methyldopamine and norepinephrine induced an increase in MSC-derived EV production without altering their modulatory capacity Other approaches apply physical stimuli such as pH variations or low-oxygen conditions, but their long-term effect on the physiological properties of EVs needs to be evaluated.

In a murine wound healing model, MSC-EVs were associated with secretion of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and induced rapid gingival healing The Food and Drug Administration recently stated that serious adverse effects were experienced by patients in Nebraska treated with unapproved products marketed as containing exosomes Importantly, any therapeutic application of EVs requires transparent reporting of data on vesicle manufacturing and characterization, suitable quality control provisions, preclinical safety and efficacy Moreover, a rational clinical trial design and regulatory monitoring are important to ensure patient safety, as recently indicated by the international societies on stem cells and EVs To support the use of MSC-EVs, functional assays that allow in vitro—in vivo correlation of the therapeutic potency of different stem cell preparations must be developed Despite these caveats, ongoing efforts to produce EVs from MSCs under Good Manufacturing Process-like conditions 41 , 42 and to design upscaling approaches 43 will be instrumental in their development as drug carriers.

A comprehensive characterization of EVs and their interaction with cells and tissues is essential for the use of EVs in drug delivery applications. While safety and efficacy characterization is pivotal for the clinical advancement of EVs, insights into the mode of action of EVs may open new frontiers in drug carrier engineering. The identification of critical attributes sufficient to achieve long-distance targeting is crucial to mitigate the risks associated with the high complexity of this system.

However, the virus-like size and the increased complexity of EVs compared with synthetic delivery systems for example liposomes , which partially contribute to the superior drug delivery capacity of EVs, render comprehensive characterization and quality assurance challenging Purity and identity issues pose major challenges for analytical techniques, and the inability to characterize the entire system results in substantial risks; these considerations need to be interpreted in the context that EVs constitute a cell-free cell therapy.

Standard characterization techniques, for example nanoparticle tracking analysis, imaging flow cytometry and detection of components by biochemical means including imaging 44 , flow cytometry and western blotting , involve size measurements.

Recently, EVs have also been used as a platform to visualize and study enriched membrane proteins by cryoelectron transmission microscopy High-throughput technologies such as next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry 46 proteomics, lipidomics and transcriptomics , along with cryoelectron microscopy, contribute greatly to the evaluation of the molecular composition and structure of EVs. Systematic investigation of the efficacy and safety of EVs requires determination of their identity and purity.

Box 1 summarizes the most fundamental characteristics that should be evaluated when working with EVs. EV-TRACK is a crowdsourcing knowledgebase that allows authors to deposit their isolation and characterization protocols before publication and receive recommendations on potential shortcomings of the experimental design.

More recently, additional advice on the optimal reference material for use during EV characterization has been proposed Liposomes deliver their drug cargo mostly through passive accumulation in certain tissues, unless they carry additional surface ligands. EVs may have an inherent targeting ability and the potential to deliver functional RNA to other cells 49 and across certain biological barriers, such as the blood—brain barrier For some combinations of parent and target cells, superior tissue-homing capabilities have been identified: for example unidirectional synaptic transfer of microRNA from T cells to antigen-presenting cells While synthetic drug delivery systems have shown substantially lower targeting efficacy than natural drug delivery systems, EVs may constitute a natural route for efficient transport Indeed, different mammalian tumour EVs were shown to preferentially target healthy cells in the predicted tissue, for example epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts, depending on the integrin expression pattern of the parent cells Similar results have been obtained for EVs from sarcoma cells, which showed preferential tumour homing For safety reasons, such cancer EVs are not suitable as drug carriers because they may negatively influence tumour invasion or epithelial—mesenchymal transition, or they may carry tumour resistance genes A comparative evaluation of EVs derived from different cell lines and their biodistribution pattern showed that, although EVs accumulated primarily in the liver, lung, spleen and gastrointestinal tract, the vesicle source and administration route notably influenced the biodistribution.

While dendritic-cell-derived EVs were preferentially taken up by the spleen, melanoma-cell-derived EVs accumulated more prominently in the liver Many studies indicate that, similarly to administration of liposomes, systemic EV administration leads to non-specific accumulation in the liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract and lung 56 , Interestingly, native EVs also showed substantial accumulation in tumour tissue 56 , 57 , an effect further enhanced by addition of a specific targeting ligand.

However, the half-life of EVs is considerably shorter than that of liposomes. Notably, these studies used fluorescent dyes to label EVs and radionuclides to label liposomes, a difference that may affect comparability. Therefore, more comparative biodistribution studies are required, especially with non-cancer-cell-derived EVs. A head-to-head assessment comparing the delivery efficacy of vesicles and liposomes would also require optimization of the liposomal comparator system in addition to EV engineering

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Я сказал ему, что японец отдал свое кольцо – но не. Да я бы ничего и не взял у умирающего. О небо. Только подумайте.

Он позвонил и предупредил, что заканчивает работу над алгоритмом, создающим абсолютно стойкие шифры. Я ему не поверил. – Но зачем он вам об этом сообщил? – спросила Сьюзан.